Communication Memo

To Dana Donnley, Director of Employee Communication. From Rey, Employee Communication Manager. Date March, eighth 2013. Ref Confidential Employee Communication Strategy Proposal for the Whirlpool passel Employee health Program. . Background. Whirlpool Corporation (hereinafter the come with) is facing financial problems, and so has decided to lower the insurance benefits expenses of its employees. As say in the Bain & corporations memorandum dated February 28th 2013, there is a shoot for correlation between the amount of money spent by the fellowship on insurance benefits and their wellness. Not all that, precisely also having fitter employees boosts their productiveness.As a egress, the Company has included within its Human Resources strategy to reach out and mold its employees (and their spouses) to submit in the headquarters a free mini-physical test, denominated the Employee Wellness Program, whereby the height, weight, blood pres authorized, and vital si gns of the employees ar measured (the EWP). This means only a routine exam that tests various bodily functions and reflexes, giving as an upshot a diagnostic of the employees general condition.As a result of such test several diseases can be detected in their azoic stages, giving the employee the advantage of an early treatment, and the company its savings on insurance benefits payments. Whirlpool Corporation is heavily Unionized as a consequence of a responsible leadership of its authorities. 2. Query. You view consulted me in couch to run for and structure strategy that the Company should carry out in order to communicate the employees the aforementioned EWP. 3. reparteeWe propose a multistep strategy that takes full advantage of the prestige of the Companys Union, and involves it directly to inform and persuade employees to perform the medical test. Also, main concerns should be specifically communicate, such as the confidential matter of the information, its propose, an d the fact that taking the medical test is voluntary. 4. Foundations of the Response From a Human Resources standpoint the EWP should be managed c arefully to eliminate that the employees (and the Union) get confused regarding the real intention of it. In general terms, the communication should be simple, forceful and straightforward.However, some offsprings should be specially make outed, in order to avoid confusions. These are 1. The Test is Voluntary. It should be pointed out that the medical test is voluntary, since employees could differently interpret it as a coercive measure by the Company. 2. orbit and Benefits of the Test. The communication should also explain the scope of the test, so the employees are sure what to expect when they take it. Also its benefits should be mentioned. 3. Confidentiality of the Information. In spite of world arguments against it1, I am convinced that this point should be specifically addressed in the communication.There should non be doubt about it within the workforce. Also, a mention to the Professional Secrecy legal obligation should be do to reinforce the Companys lading to respect it. Hence, the only someone to get the result of the test is the employee itself (therefore the Company does not get the information). 4. function and Propose of the Information. It should also be pointed out that the only purpose of making such medical test is to get a diagnostic of the employees general condition for his own benefit and use. . Meeting with the Union. I mean that the Unions prestige within the vast majority of the employees should be taken advantage of. Therefore, Union leaders should be called for a see and deeply informed about the EWP. In such meeting, special violence should be given in order to highlight the medical benefits for the employees that the EWP could have. Also, the Company should argue therein, that the only purpose of the meeting is to inform the Union and address its doubts and concerns. 6. R ole of the Union.Having performed an informative meeting with the Union, I assume that it will have a very active role informing employees without any invite from the Company whatsoever. In fact, for galore(postnominal) employees, the Union has more credibility than management. Hence, by involving the Union with the communication, it will be the primary source of calm for many of the employees. In addition, it could advise employees of any legal consequence of a revilement of such information by the Company, which would have strong costs for it (could be considered an abusive dismissal). 7. The Test is Free.This should be explicit within the communication. 8. Spouses of Employees. As stated above, the EWP also includes the spouses of employees. However, in the communication to be delivered, no reference should be made in such regard, since it could be interpreted as intrusive. Therefore, only for those who accept taking the test a verbal extension of the invitation should be perf ormed to their spouses. 9. Formality of the Communication. I advise you to communicate the EWP to the employees via e-mail, since by communicating it by a more formal mean would only give this issue more significance that it has. 10. Further Details.It also should be address specifically that if anyone has any doubt or wants further information about the medical test, should contact either someone at the Human Resources department or at the Union. 11. Other Factors Taken into Consideration. Intimate employee information and its use are of critical importance to maintain an excellent employee-employer relationship. Not only that, but also their productivity is at risk if the message is misunderstood or the information is misused. In that regard, the confidence that the Company has built over the eld with its employees can be destroyed in days, if the situation is not managed properly.I sojourn at your disposal for any further information that you may have got necessary. Yours trul y, Rey. Employee Communication Manager. 1 It could be argued that by specifically addressing that the information will bide confidential could provoke a concern on employees, that otherwise would not be concerned. Nevertheless, we doubt that this would be the situation in the majority of the cases. We are convinced that most of the employees would be concerned about the topic, if a commitment of the Company declaring that information confidential were not made.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Phrenology Essay

After functional magnetic resonance imaging was first introduced, it has been under criticism that it is not hard science. The most common technique, the BOLD (blood oxygen level-dependent) functional magnetic resonance imaging, measures the increase in regional cerebral blood shine in response to increase metabolism, which is to be caused from heightened natural action of neuron firing (Menon & Kim, 1999). more or less neurologists retrieve that this is an substantiative way of measuring brain activity, and is not sufficient to support whatsoever idea. By many scientists functional magnetic resonance imaging is often compared to phrenology, a study that once gained popularity in the 19th century.Phrenology is based on the concept that the brain is the electronic organ of the mind, and that sealed brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules (Fodor, 1983). This is uniform to fmagnetic resonance imaging practitioners attempts to localize brain structure, matchi ng the divided split of the brain with certain functions. Judging whether functional magnetic resonance imaging is a cutting form of phrenology concerns two points functional magnetic resonance imagings similarities to phrenology, and fMRIs signifi put forwardce to be admitted as the new form. This volition also lead to the question of whether fMRI sap is meaningful to be presented as evidence in move.The logic of fMRI is straight-forward. Brain parts that light up to a certain stimulus, is link up to the function provoked by the stimulus. The fMRI machine measures increase in blood flow in brain regions. The regions with increased blood flow appear in brighter colors, in red or yellow (Dobbs, 2005). fMRIs logic of relating higher blood flow and function is similar to that of phrenology, which relates size of lump to function. From this analogy we heap say that fMRI can be considered some form of phrenology. Another reason that fMRI is compared to phrenology is for its limit ations (Menon & Kim, 1999).MRIs problem rise from the fact that it does not show interactions amongst parts. It takes a univariate approach to the brain, implying that only one factor is considered as variable. The online fMRI shows voxels activity as one sum, meaning that it cannot collect comparative or sequential information of brain parts (Dobbs, 2005). Many neurologists believe that brain parts interaction is an important aspect, and fMRIs want of capacity to do so results in criticism. Compared with the old phrenology, fMRI shares the analogous view that brains have localized functions. However, fMRI takes a more scientific approach than the old phrenology.Although it has its limitation in presenting spatial information, it does contribute in relating brains structure and the minds function. Although the old phrenology is labeled pseudoscience and no longish acknowledged in the field of science anymore, it has had its contributions. It sparked the idea that mind can be l ocalized, such as language and memory. In the same setting fMRI can contribute, only much more than the old phrenology. Although fMRIs blood flow measurement and the actual neural activity do not perfectly correspond with each other (Dobbs, 2005), solid correlation can be drawn from the fMRI scanning.As for the employment as court evidence, I see fMRI scan of import as evidence, for fMRI does show some level of correlation of parts of brains and certain activity. fMRI should not be criticized and banned from court hardly because of its possibility of erroneous conclusion (Hughes, 2010). Even witnesses testimonies are bound to be wrong, but their testimonies are accepted as evidence. Thus fMRI should be allowed to be presented as evidence in court. However, the juries should be made sensible that fMRI scan is an arbitrarily interpreted output, and contain risks of erroneous conclusions.I believe fMRI will gain stronger grounds in the court later in the future though, with the a dvance of technology as mentioned above. Some compare neurologists with fMRI to molecular biologists with light microscopes (Jaffe, 2004), for the reason that the capacity of fMRI is not sufficient for neurological study. It must be taken into grade that later light microscopes evolved to electron microscopes, meaning that also fMRI will offer improved spatial and temporal information in the future. Its authority must be acknowledged, and in the meantime there should be efforts to let out complementary analysis methods (Hubbard, 2003).

Siddhartha Final Quiz

Siddhartha Final Quiz take Mystery Date 10-15-12 In Siddhartha the relationships between cause and son argon very dysfunctional. Siddhartha leaves his set about when he was very young to seek something anyways the Brahmans lifestyle He felt care he had learned any he could from the bulk of his childhood. He journeyed far and wide to seek break through the proper teachings but neer remembered to see his father or dismantle send word to him of how he was doing. We dont know how his father dealt with that, because the father didnt know if he was dead or sustainment and never saw his son after the day he left.He never got to say goodbye when he died. Siddhartha later in life, while spirit on the ferry as the ferrymans assistant, learned that he himself had a son. Siddhartha learned that the mother of his son was dying from a snake bite, and he must take care of the child. The child was very young and had been brocaded in a rich and lavish lifestyle. To go from that to dirt p altry poverty living on a ferry taking people across the river is very hard to do for a child. The son sees it as the ultimate insult.No matter what the son does he cannot seem to get his fathers attention. He tries to get Siddhartha to strike him or yell at him anything except him sitting there listening never speaking. The boy ultimately gets to the point at which he steals the two older mens money and flees the river trying to get back end to the town where he has a rich boy life waiting for him. Siddhartha chases after him but ends up meditating for hours on end in front of kamalas old stem which is now a Buddha monk home.He awakens and finds that he has lost his son like his father lost his so many years ago. He goes back to the barge and the river is said to silently mock him and laugh at him, because he has done this to his dad and now it has been done to him. He realizes that life is constantly repeating but with different faces and a different person, but it is every(p renominal) the same all at once. Siddhartha tells this to his dear friend Govinda, and he tiro govinda so that he knelt down in front of Siddhartha and wept with the great lovemaking and knowledge he now possessed.

Classes in the Kite Runner Essay

Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the unfeigned Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. This is the start of the tensity between the two decided social classes on pages 40-43 in spite of appearance the novel, The Kite Runner. The authors propose for placing this scene inside the novel is to show the relationship held between the Hazara Tribe, and the Pashtun tribe, within Afghanistan. The scene in the book allows the reader to begin to understand the tension between the tribes, which fuels the story.Due to the research I completed on the tribes within Afghanistan, I can sharpen my knowledge and interpret the scene in the novel better. While researching, I discovered that the Hazaras have Mongol Characteristics. As a result of this, I was able to understand the scene better, when Assef called Hassan a Flat-Nose. The reason that Assef Called Hassan this, was to poke fun at his Mongol Characteristics, such as having a fla t nose. In the same manner, Assef states, how can you talk to him, sportswoman with him, let him touch you? Through my research, I was able to learn that it was high-flown for Pashtuns to play with Hazaras. Hazaras are of a much lower class than Pashtuns, and are treated poorly. Within the scene, there are three apparent literary termsparallel, imagery and language. Parallel is used when Hasan holds the slinghshot pointed directly at Assefs face. Hassan uses his trebuchet in this scene, to fight Assef, and Hassans son uses a slingshot to hurt Assef towards the end of the book.Additionally, the author uses imagery, to show the intense tension between the boys. When Hassan pulls the slingshot, his hand trembles with the strain of the pulled elastic band and beads of sweat erupt on his brow. This imagery allows you to realize the amount of stress, and tension Hassan must undergo. Finally, the author uses diction, when he describes the actions of the characters, including when he states, he made a sweeping, grandiose gesture with his hands. The diction such as sweeping, and grandiose, allows the reader to fully understand what Assef is trying to convey. in that respect are two main ideas within the scene they are the ideas of Assef hating emir and Hassan, and Hassan protecting Amir. Based on the key idea of Hassan protecting Amir, the beginning of get it on appears. Amir uses his slingshot, and does everything that he can to protect Amir, display his love towards him.

Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay

Whether bingle is conscious of it or non, we altogether strike our respective worldviews. The elbow room we view intent in general and our set about to it is the worldview that control and imbibe us in every decision that we wanton a mien in the way we c atomic number 18 pressures, and even as we celebrate and please good days. Since on a manicular worldview a psyche stands or falls, it is very important to unremittingly check and evaluate unmatcheds philosophy of life. If I will be asked the question Which philosophy is the surmount philosophy? The best answer that I washbowl come up with is, Of course, the philosophy that encourages intellectual increment. Christianity is a devotion that has been comp atomic number 18d, every immediately and then, to umteen philosophical popular opinions and most of the time, it was either riffleed with other(a) worldviews which were totally eery to it, or the prop iodinnts of other strange worldviews give deducturit ion attempted to enjoin Christianity to their philosophy, which of necessity hire resulted in confusion and clever duplicity in individuals who retrace and experiment into this game (Cheung, 2007, p. 34). For generations, mint in different civilizations constitute execute witnesses of how their fellows advocated multiple philosophical disciplines.In fact, right away, if one would meet observe closely, numerous hold a compound of various beliefs that got rooted and accumulated for years in the family via environ intellectual conditioning. The by-product of this gentle serviceman body of influence is an individual who cope through the varying situations and circumstances of life with the competence of a chameleon. This kind of snuggle will not right on assistance in the knowledge and growth of a somebody as he or she wades his/her way through college. Contrary to the perception of m both(prenominal), the scriptural Worldview is the one philosophy that encourages the chase of authentic knowledge.It, in fact, commands the engagement of the intellect in the pursuit and geographic expedition of true scientific studies. What precipitated the period of Enlightenment? Was it not when people were hungry(p) for the Truth (Shelley, 1982, p. 55)? And these argon periods in the history of humankind when the biblical Worldview was organism brought to the fore of societys endeavors. If there are two philosophies that true naturally from one to another, they are Judaism and Christianity. The flow of growth from etymon to transaction is recorded in the Old and the New Testament of the Bible (Escalona, 2008, p.87). B. writings review The Extent of Usefulness of the Theory A survey in literature reveals that there is little evidence so faraway in studies that deliberately examine to determine the efficacies of psychodynamic shape up in comparison with any of the other approaches in the treatment of abnormal expression. A few which came out, in partic ular one look looked into the applicability of treatment in anorexia and bulimia cases which utilized the psychodynamic vex and other models such as cognitive druthers treatment. Results of the experiment by Bachar et al (1999, p.67) showed exacting outcomes where this particular approach was used. It moldiness be remembered that mainstream psychological science and psychiatry widely use the cognitive model in explaining and treating abnormal behavior. In the controlled, randomized study by Bachar and team up members however, the research highlighted the efficacy of psychodynamic approach in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia disorders. recount studies however show that therapists unremarkably employ a combination of cognitive and psychodynamic approaches or an integrative method in the psychological treatments and preventives (Kasl-Godley, 2000, p.92). many an(prenominal) of the cases today then, support this view rather than a evilgle method in an efficacious treat ment of many of these mental and emotional diseases. The prejudices of the psychodynamic approach in many of the studies done based on a using this as a single method is that of the apparent difficulty of precise measurements on the treatment procedure it swelled headtismtism. The approach usually is limited by whether it coffin nail be precisely replicated. Specifically, one other limitation or disadvantage is that the cause of phenomena (i. e. , symptom substation) cannot be located.In addition, another setback is that not all individuals can be hypnotized when using hypnosis in the therapy oddly (Kaplan, 1994, p. 431). Reference Bachar, Eytan, Yael Latzer,Shulamit Kreitler, & Elliot Berry 1999. Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies ego psychology and Cognitive Orientation in the treatment of Anorezia and Bulimia. Journal of mental hygiene Practice and Research. American Psychiatric Association 8115-128, Freud, Sigmund. 1901 1990. The psychopathology of fami liar life. New York. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996.Psychology Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA cook and Benchmark, p. 810. Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 7th ed. New York Harcourt kindle Jovanich, Inc. Hurlok, E. B. 1964. Child Development. New York Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behaviroal intelligences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Kasl-Godley, Julia 2000. Psychosocial intervention for individuals with dementia An integration of possibleness, therapy, and a clinical soul of dementia.clinical Psychological Review. Vol. 20(6). Leahey, B. B. 1995. Psychology An Introduction. Iowa WCB Brown and Benchmark. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Psychology 4th ed. Orlando Fl. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Sdorow, L. M. 1995. Psychology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IAWCB Brown and Benchmark Publishers Santrock, J. W. 200 0. Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. ________ Models of abnormality http//intranet1. sutcol. ac. uk888/NEC/MATERIAL/PDFS/PSYCHO/ASPSYCHO/23U2_T5. PDF segment II. Integration Section A. Introduction Nowhere is counselling more germane(predicate) than the conditions and dilemmas faced by man today.The Bible mentions about the the business organisations that assail creation then during the early days, and which will be experienced also as time draws to a close. Jeremiah 178 implies about the kind of fear which some if not many, will succumb when heat comes (RSV). This illustrates as wellspring that the stressful days are only natural to ones existence an affliction to macrocosm born into a fallen world. Ephesians 2 is even more clear what befalls on a person who is deadened in trespasses and sins (KJV) he is subject to the dictates of a world system (v. 2a, KJV), being in the clutches of the evil spirit (v. 2b, KJV), and awaits the anger that God has on them (v.3, KJV). All th ese whitethorn position any individual to a life of anxiety, depression, wrongful habits ((v. 3, KJV), substance abuse and other addictions that definitely determine the disability of all all overall mental and tangible health. The functioning therefore of any person may be compromised and taxed to the limits, producing individuals who are abusive and getting abused. When not run in optimal condition, man is sure to experience what psychology tends to constitute and label as malfunctioning and maladjusted at worst, the evidence of mental institutions existence solitary(prenominal) shows how this truth has long been spoken about in the Bible.Hence, the Bible becoming more relevant, and a theologically and scientifically prepare counselor is even more needed these days. In the field of counselling, the main(a) considerations that those in the field who are practicing directly or indirectly seduce something to do with the previously held belief system, or the worldview or philosophy base the image of human behaviour. This goes to say that one who ventures into the business of healing and lot emotions and psychological troubles must get into a thorough understanding of his/her personalised approach to the study of human behaviour.The counselor seeks to explain human disposition, the way out of sin or prbably emphasizing or reducing the Scriptural regulation and Gods verdict (whichever side he/she is on), and which eventually dictates intervention strategies, if any. It is even bold as to say that commission in some(prenominal) front is basically religious in nature because in the end, what is upheld or emphasized by the counselor expresses deep-rooted philosophy or religious beliefs.The story thus seeks to present a personal understanding of how radiation pattern in counseling is believed to be done considering the personal qualities, depth and realizations of Biblical truths (this is pre-eminent), and many of the nitty-gritty concepts tha t comprise the practice of counseling in ones context. Being in contemporary America, with the recent stinting meltdown that dedicate many surprised and shocked of the reduction of most of their economic capabilities to barely the minimum, being relevant as a counselor is not only a necessity, but it is the very important ingredient to aid many survive with their mental faculties intact.Therefore, this paper makes bold assumptions about human nature in general, how this is addressed in various situations that the average man will be meeting, and how growth (which is interpreted as a positive direction the individual will take) in all areas of his existence may take place. B. psychoanalytical therapy Leading figures Primary grandeur is given into the development of one of the most influential disciplines in the world today and that is psychology. This is due(p) to the fact that psychology seemed almost foremost in virtually every kind of decision making process that man makes.B ecause of this serious scriptural ministers and/or scholars or theologians withdraw long studied these effects and have come up with their answers and with their verdict. A Brief History of Modern Psychology by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (2006, p. 23) starts to trace the roots of psychology when Wundt, in 1879, initiated what is now recognized as the first psychology laboratory. The seed Benjamin satisfies the reviewer on what make the psychology today a very frequently pursued subject of inte take a breather as well as a career.Tackling on the lives of the people foremost in this discipline, the book made an differently boring and usually uninteresting subject matter into an exciting return any student will be up to(p) to handle. The author mentioned expand of the pioneers lives and the social milieu that characterized their lives and culture during their day which in all hard-nosed evaluation had made its contribution to what their suppositious perspectives had real. otherwi se important highlights implicate the development of psychological tests and assessment techniques that Stanford and Binet spearheaded among others.The describeing narrative on one of psychologys key players and foremost in what is now cognise as the first force back in the field gives the reader the importance of their contribution to cotemporary psychology (Benjamin, 2006, p. 76). -Freud, Sigmund Viennese neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939) took his medical story at the University of Vienna in 1881 and planned a specialists career in neurology. Lack of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career.His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis developed during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in Studies in Hysteria, The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, troika Contributions to the Theory of Sex in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 a book which contained the evolving t heory of the libido and the unconscious(p)ness, in subsequent years, Freuds scene became increasingly kind as revealed by the titles of his later works (Benjamin, 2006, p. 54).C. Psychoanalytic Theory The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy cognize as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts mingled with our need to suffer basic biologic instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. non all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freuds original ideas, but most would view normal or tough behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. This paper attempts to distinguish itself in trying to not only understand the theory that Freud pionee red and polished by some of his faithful followers but curiously determine the extent of its usefulness in explaining and treating abnormal behavior.. It is the aim of the author to present in precis a description and explanation of the psychodynamic approach and its usefulness in the context of abnormal behavior (Kaplan, 1994, p.657). To interpret the speculative framework of Freud in the context of the Christian religion or Biblical Christianity is essential in order to discover whether their fundamental teachings can mix well in mainstream Christianity. Freud taught about the personality constructs of id, ego and superego about exonerate association, instincts (life and destruction) his very controversial psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital the fixation and mission concepts. In general this is a theory of personality dynamics which is aimed at the motivational and emotional components of personality.It sounds good that check to Freud, man inherit s the life and culture instincts (libido and mortido). In the Biblical perspective, however, all these concepts are trace suitable to the sinful nature which all human species have inherited from the first couple pass and Eve. In some portions of the Biblical record (Roman 512), Adam is verbalise to be the federal head and from him has proceeded both sinful nature, which is inherent in all men, and death which is the Falls eventual outcome.The Bible highlights sin as the main problem of all of the manifestations of abnormality as reflected or manifested in the psyche or human behavior (Bobgan, 1987, p. 543). This theory discounts religions Gods pre-eminence, sovereignty and will, and active role in a persons life. It also discounts mans last accountability before an almighty God. Moreover, it discounts many of the fundamentals that the Bible teaches, want sin and repentance, just Freuds other followers propounded (Bobgan, 1987, p. 544). Fundamentally, environment is not to be blamed.Nothing could be more accurate than stating it in exactly the same manner that the Apostle has echoed the true state of affairs. It is somehow true to say, Its all up in the mind. People violate neighbors because first they have violated the laws of God. And so, In the futility of their mind, having their understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart who, being past olfactioning, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all uncleanness with greediness (Eph.417-19). As day-to-day news in the headlines air everyday, and practically speaking, people have made it their daily business to work driven by greed, never minding what they leave behind in their wake. Because the fight has long been lost which is in the take of consciousness everyone now is at the mercy of chance, relationally, in this world. And it goes both ways. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recog nized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints equal that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists.From simple tiddlerhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994, p. 76, 98, 456). I. The Psychodynamic concepts A. Theory of Instincts Libido, Narcissism, Instincts and Pleasure & Reality Principles. Freud employed libido to denote to that force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind. This concept is kind of crude or raw in its form hence this refers far more than coitus.Narcissism was developed by Freud as his explanation of people who happened to have lost libido and found that in the pre-occupation of the self or the ego, like in the cases of dementia praecox or schizophrenia. Persons afflicted with this mental illness appeared to have been reserved or withdrawing from other people or objects. This led Freud to purpose that a loss of contact with reality is usually common among such patients. The libido that he conceptualized as innate in every person is herein explained as invested somewhere else and that is precisely the role of self-love or narcism in the life of one afflicted.The circumstance of narcissism is not only among people with psychoses but also with what he calls neurotic persons or in normal people especially when undergoing conditions such as a visible disease or sleep. Freud explains further that narcissism exists already at birth hence, one can expect realistically that newborn babies are all told narcissistic (Sdorow, 1995, p. 67). Freud classified instincts into different distinguishing dimensions namely ego instincts, aggression, and life and death instincts.Ego instincts are the self-preservative aspects within the person, while aggression is a separate construct or structure of the mind which is not a part of the self-preservative nature of the human mind. Its source is found in the m uscles while its target is destruction. Life and death instincts called Eros and Thanatos are forces within the person that pulls in opposite directions. Death instinct is a more correctly force than life instinct (Rathus, 1988, p. 55). The pleasure and reality principles are unmistakable ideas that help understand the other aspects of Freuds theory.The latter is largely a learned function and important in postponing the need to satisfy the self (Sdorow, 1995, p. 98). B. Topographical theory of the mind Much like real physical mapping or description of a land area, the topographical theory appeared as attempt to designate areas of the mind into regions the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. The Unconscious mind is shrouded in mystery (Kaplan, 1994). It is the repository of repressed ideas, experiences and/or affects that are primary considerations when the person is in therapy or treatment.It contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression. near unconscio us urges cannot be experienced consciously because mental images and words could not portray them all in their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept below the surface by repression. It is recognized as inaccessible to consciousness but can become conscious by means of the preconscious. Its content is confined to wishes seeking fulfilment and may appropriate the motive force for the formation of dream and neurotic symptoms.In other words, unconscious forces represent wishes, desires or thoughts, that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we mechanically repress and cannot voluntarily access (Santrock, 2000, p. 43). The Preconscious is a region of the mind which is not inborn but developed only when childhood stage is beginning to emerge. The preconscious mind contains elements of experience that presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them. Freud designate the region that poked through into the light of awareness as the C onscious part of the mind.Conscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. It is closely related in understanding as that of the organ of attention operating with the preconscious. With attention the individual is able to perceive external stimuli. However, Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a wasted part of our total mental activity, oft of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces (Leahey, 1995, p. 433). C. geomorphologic Theory of the MindFreud conceptualized the mind into what is called as three provinces equivalent to its functions the id, ego and superego. The id is that aspect which only looks forward to diverting any of its desires and without any delay. The ego is the structure of the mind which begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a childs demands for gratification cannot all be met immediately. The ego stands for grounds and good sense (Freud, 1901, p. 22), f or rational ways of coping with frustrations.It curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are harmonious with social convention so that a person can uprise gratification yet avert the censure of others. In contrast to the ids pleasure, the ego follows the reality principle. The reality principle has a policy of substantive a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). The superego develops throughout early childhood, usually incorporating the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through identification.The superego holds forth lustrous examples of an ideal self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral guardian. throughout life, the superego monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out judgment of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of criminality and shame when the verdict is negative (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). As children learn that they must follow rules and regulations in satisfying their wishes, they develop a superego. The superego, which is Freuds third course of instruction of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood (Hurlock, 196, p.66). Through interactions with the parents or caregivers, a child develops a superego by taking on or incorporating the parents or caregivers standards, values, and rules. The superegos power is in making the person feel guilty if the rules are discovered the pleasure-seeking, id wants to avoid feeling guilty. It is motivated to listen to the superego as a moral guardian or conscience that is trying to control the ids wishes and impulses (Hilgard, et al, 1979).From the Freudian perspective, a hefty personality has found ways to gratify most of the ids demands without sternly offending the superego. Most of the ids be demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). D. Therapeutic goals Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a persons mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light.The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in find future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a learner in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for getting his social functioning.With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environments impact on the person he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a persons mental state. Considering that the achievemen t and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and unified these in his/her day to day affairs 1. The Medical doctors viewpoint well-being fury than the illness model2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologists viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionists viewpoint putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Experts viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, mainly the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum.There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be good enough a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated crosswise an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the amalgamation or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter.It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has wear chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance amongst the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered.Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a stark(a) man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely overleap understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychologys scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or secular preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to trusted degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them.If all problems are at hollow out spiritual matters we dont want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabbs position sure ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al., 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved ones attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006).The exquisite crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client.Although an immedi ate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemente d based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized.It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. , learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it perhaps a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). E. Summary Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness.They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. Personality grow th is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms (Source Models of abnormality, national Extension College Trust, Ltd). The goals of treatment here include to alleviate patient of the symptoms is to publish and work through unconscious conflict.The task of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the patient (Models of abnormality, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. Reference Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Corey, Gerald. 2001. The Art of Integrative Counseling.Article 29 Designing an Integrative rise to Counseling Practice Retrieved May 9, 2009 in http//counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas04/29. pdf Crabb, Larr y, 2000. Found in Anderson et al resource. Christ-centered therapy. http//books. google. com/books? id=Rn-f2zL01ZwC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=effective+biblical+counseling+by+larry+crabb+critique&source= meshing&ots=WFVYLIqP1n&sig=MqIhqE_XfGzIQODAKV5iMPjqz14PPA19,M1 Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale. 2001. Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John & Wiley Sons, Inc. Ellis, Albert 2001.Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors New Directions for judicious Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. 2006. A brief history of Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell 1 edition. Bobgan, Martin & Deidre. 1987. Psychology Science or Religion? From Psychoheresy The psychological seduction of Christianity. Eastgate Publishers. Retrieved May 6, 2009. http//www. rapidnet. com/jbeard/bdm/Psychology/psych. htm Boring, Edwin G . et. al. 1948. Foundat

After the Dance

Writing Topic What stay does Leo Tolstoys story After the Dance (pgs. 71-75) make about Russian hunting lodge? What moments or details in the story help to convey this point? Explain in a carefully written essay, supporting your dividing line with evidence from the text. Tolstoys After the Dance is essentially a facsimile of Russian history and the exposition of a dark side to the seemingly regal atmosphere of the Russian aristocracy rootage introduced at the ball.Using literary elements such as symbolism and foreshadowing to reveal a vague meaning, Tolstoy tells the story of Ivan Vasilievichs first impression of the beautiful Varinka and how this impression changes afterward watching her father cruelly beat a tartar for attempting to desert. Varinka is the first character we meet in Ivans flashback. Described as solemn and an bearing of much admiration, she entrances Ivan, who trip the light fantastics with her for majority of the ball. After world promised a quadrille dance after supper, Ivan watches her dance with her father, the Colonel.Varinka is almost always associated with her father after macrocosm introduced, providing an unquestionable link between the two. Ivans first observation of the Colonel was that he was that ultra-military type produced by the discipline of Emperor Nicolas I. The Colonels first words, Everything must(prenominal) be done according to rule, also provides valuable insight as to what kind of person he is. He is introduced to the reader as an affable, maturement man enjoying the ball with his daughter, Varinka.Upon watching him dance with her, Ivan happens a sort of nerve for him that was almost rapture, which is a misled impression. Later on, he sees the procession in which a flying lizard is being punished for attempting to desert. Not only does the Colonel walk beside the Tartar as he is receiving his punishment, but he also demands that the s superannuatedier spigot him harder with the whip. In seeing this , Ivans whole view of him is changed from the friendly old man that offered to let him dance with his daughter into a cruel and drear man that called for harsher punishment even when the Tartar was obviously already suffering.Varinka represents the image goodness the Russian judicature uses to appeal to and garner support from the people. The object that initially seems to show the benefits of following the regime is really a pinnacle for the militaristic way the government runs Russia. The same suede-gloved devote that held Varinkas hand dancing the mazurka was the hand that struck the soldier for non whipping the Tartar to his satisfaction. They belonged to the Colonel, whose character is ultimately revealed to be militaristic and uncaring. With this event, Ivan also ties the Colonel and Varinka together.However, instead of being united through dancing, they are linked through the paternalism, power, and brutality of the Colonel. Ivans love for Varinka then began to wane and whenever he saw her, he would feel awkward and uncomfortable, leading him to see her less frequently, and eventually not at all. After beholding this public whipping, Ivans repulsion for the low attitude awakens and he rejects both the woman he loves, Varinka, and military supporter in Russia. In a similar manner, the harshness of the Russian government is shown to its citizens after the initial appeal.

Macroeconomics Unit 8 Assignment Essay

Question1. Using amount of notes contend, short- drive entireness supply, and great- overflow aggregate supply cut downs, rationalise the make for and ca single-valued functions by which each of the following economic events go awayinging move the economic system from one long- draw in macroeconomic residue to another. In each case, explain the short-run and long-run effects on the aggregate price take and aggregate output. a. There is a decrease in households wealth collect to a decline in the stock market.A decrease in household wealth means lower purchasing power. The consumer reduces their consumption tether to a decline in the take in which shifts to the left from D1 to D2. As a result, in the short run both the output and aggregate price level fall as depicted by S1. A proceed shift in the demand curve to the left, from D1 to D2, leads to reducing price and increment supply which causes the supply curve to shift from S1 to S2. The long run equilibrium aggreg ate output and prices will remain uniform. In the long run aggregate supply curve shifts to the unspoiled from S1 to S2 and the aggregate demand curve also shifts to the right from D1 to D2. The equilibrium aggregate output remains constant while the aggregate prices fall. The long equilibrium aggregate remains constant.b. The governing lowers taxes, leaving households with more disposable income, with no corresponding reduction in government purchases.With the taxes lowered and the income still maintained, the consumers have more purchasing power. The demand for goods and services will therefore subjoin and shift from D1 to D2 resulting in an make up in aggregate prices and hearty gross domestic product. In the long run reliable GDP is constant. In the short run the aggregate supply will shift to the left as aggregate demand increases and shifts to the right. In the long run aggregate prices will shift upwards while accepted GDP remains constant. In the long run both the d emand and supply curves get new slopes. The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right while the supply curve shift to the left. Aggregate prices rise and real GDP remains constant.2. An economy in a hypothetical country is in long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What kind of gapinflationary or recessionarywill the economy face after the shock, and what type of fiscal policies, giving specialized examples, would help move the economy tooshie to potential output? a. A stock market boom increases the value of stocks held by households.The short run aggregate supply curve shifts to the right from SRAD1 to SRAD2. Aggregate prices and real GDP increases and equilibrium shifts from E1 to E2. This will lead to inflationary gap. In the long run supply is fixed which leads to an increase in aggregate prices causing the inflationary gap. The government can control this by contractionary policies such as espousal from the public. This inflationary gap can be solved by inflationary control such as discretionary or countercyclical fiscal indemnity which changes the federal government spending or taxes. b. Anticipating the possibility of war, the government increases its purchases of soldiery equipment.The increase in purchases of the military equipment means an increase in demand. With the increase in demand in the short run, the demand curve will shift from SRAD1 to SRAD2 with an alternative increase in price. The price level increase leads to the demand reducing in the long run from SRAD2 to SRAD3. This causes cost-pull inflation whose redress is inflationary policies. The economy will face an inflationary gap. Policy makers could use contractionary fiscal policies to move the economy back to potential output. The government would pick out to reduce its purchases of nondefense good and services, increase taxes or reduce transfers. c. The quantity of coin in the economy declines and interest rates increase.As quantity of money rises in the economy and interest rates increase, the demand for goods and services declines as shown by the shift from SRAD1 to SRAD2. This happens as consumers can afford to buy more expensive items. The priority changes as customers try to save more money. In the long run, everyone has more money and demand rises again as shown by the shift in the curve from SRAD2 to SRAD3. This leads to a demand-pull inflation which can be solved by inflationary policies. The economy will face a recessionary gap. Policy makers could use expansionary fiscal policies to move the economy back to potential output.