Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay

Whether bingle is conscious of it or non, we altogether strike our respective worldviews. The elbow room we view intent in general and our set about to it is the worldview that control and imbibe us in every decision that we wanton a mien in the way we c atomic number 18 pressures, and even as we celebrate and please good days. Since on a manicular worldview a psyche stands or falls, it is very important to unremittingly check and evaluate unmatcheds philosophy of life. If I will be asked the question Which philosophy is the surmount philosophy? The best answer that I washbowl come up with is, Of course, the philosophy that encourages intellectual increment. Christianity is a devotion that has been comp atomic number 18d, every immediately and then, to umteen philosophical popular opinions and most of the time, it was either riffleed with other(a) worldviews which were totally eery to it, or the prop iodinnts of other strange worldviews give deducturit ion attempted to enjoin Christianity to their philosophy, which of necessity hire resulted in confusion and clever duplicity in individuals who retrace and experiment into this game (Cheung, 2007, p. 34). For generations, mint in different civilizations constitute execute witnesses of how their fellows advocated multiple philosophical disciplines.In fact, right away, if one would meet observe closely, numerous hold a compound of various beliefs that got rooted and accumulated for years in the family via environ intellectual conditioning. The by-product of this gentle serviceman body of influence is an individual who cope through the varying situations and circumstances of life with the competence of a chameleon. This kind of snuggle will not right on assistance in the knowledge and growth of a somebody as he or she wades his/her way through college. Contrary to the perception of m both(prenominal), the scriptural Worldview is the one philosophy that encourages the chase of authentic knowledge.It, in fact, commands the engagement of the intellect in the pursuit and geographic expedition of true scientific studies. What precipitated the period of Enlightenment? Was it not when people were hungry(p) for the Truth (Shelley, 1982, p. 55)? And these argon periods in the history of humankind when the biblical Worldview was organism brought to the fore of societys endeavors. If there are two philosophies that true naturally from one to another, they are Judaism and Christianity. The flow of growth from etymon to transaction is recorded in the Old and the New Testament of the Bible (Escalona, 2008, p.87). B. writings review The Extent of Usefulness of the Theory A survey in literature reveals that there is little evidence so faraway in studies that deliberately examine to determine the efficacies of psychodynamic shape up in comparison with any of the other approaches in the treatment of abnormal expression. A few which came out, in partic ular one look looked into the applicability of treatment in anorexia and bulimia cases which utilized the psychodynamic vex and other models such as cognitive druthers treatment. Results of the experiment by Bachar et al (1999, p.67) showed exacting outcomes where this particular approach was used. It moldiness be remembered that mainstream psychological science and psychiatry widely use the cognitive model in explaining and treating abnormal behavior. In the controlled, randomized study by Bachar and team up members however, the research highlighted the efficacy of psychodynamic approach in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia disorders. recount studies however show that therapists unremarkably employ a combination of cognitive and psychodynamic approaches or an integrative method in the psychological treatments and preventives (Kasl-Godley, 2000, p.92). many an(prenominal) of the cases today then, support this view rather than a evilgle method in an efficacious treat ment of many of these mental and emotional diseases. The prejudices of the psychodynamic approach in many of the studies done based on a using this as a single method is that of the apparent difficulty of precise measurements on the treatment procedure it swelled headtismtism. The approach usually is limited by whether it coffin nail be precisely replicated. Specifically, one other limitation or disadvantage is that the cause of phenomena (i. e. , symptom substation) cannot be located.In addition, another setback is that not all individuals can be hypnotized when using hypnosis in the therapy oddly (Kaplan, 1994, p. 431). Reference Bachar, Eytan, Yael Latzer,Shulamit Kreitler, & Elliot Berry 1999. Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies ego psychology and Cognitive Orientation in the treatment of Anorezia and Bulimia. Journal of mental hygiene Practice and Research. American Psychiatric Association 8115-128, Freud, Sigmund. 1901 1990. The psychopathology of fami liar life. New York. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996.Psychology Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA cook and Benchmark, p. 810. Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 7th ed. New York Harcourt kindle Jovanich, Inc. Hurlok, E. B. 1964. Child Development. New York Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behaviroal intelligences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Kasl-Godley, Julia 2000. Psychosocial intervention for individuals with dementia An integration of possibleness, therapy, and a clinical soul of dementia.clinical Psychological Review. Vol. 20(6). Leahey, B. B. 1995. Psychology An Introduction. Iowa WCB Brown and Benchmark. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Psychology 4th ed. Orlando Fl. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Sdorow, L. M. 1995. Psychology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IAWCB Brown and Benchmark Publishers Santrock, J. W. 200 0. Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. ________ Models of abnormality http//intranet1. sutcol. ac. uk888/NEC/MATERIAL/PDFS/PSYCHO/ASPSYCHO/23U2_T5. PDF segment II. Integration Section A. Introduction Nowhere is counselling more germane(predicate) than the conditions and dilemmas faced by man today.The Bible mentions about the the business organisations that assail creation then during the early days, and which will be experienced also as time draws to a close. Jeremiah 178 implies about the kind of fear which some if not many, will succumb when heat comes (RSV). This illustrates as wellspring that the stressful days are only natural to ones existence an affliction to macrocosm born into a fallen world. Ephesians 2 is even more clear what befalls on a person who is deadened in trespasses and sins (KJV) he is subject to the dictates of a world system (v. 2a, KJV), being in the clutches of the evil spirit (v. 2b, KJV), and awaits the anger that God has on them (v.3, KJV). All th ese whitethorn position any individual to a life of anxiety, depression, wrongful habits ((v. 3, KJV), substance abuse and other addictions that definitely determine the disability of all all overall mental and tangible health. The functioning therefore of any person may be compromised and taxed to the limits, producing individuals who are abusive and getting abused. When not run in optimal condition, man is sure to experience what psychology tends to constitute and label as malfunctioning and maladjusted at worst, the evidence of mental institutions existence solitary(prenominal) shows how this truth has long been spoken about in the Bible.Hence, the Bible becoming more relevant, and a theologically and scientifically prepare counselor is even more needed these days. In the field of counselling, the main(a) considerations that those in the field who are practicing directly or indirectly seduce something to do with the previously held belief system, or the worldview or philosophy base the image of human behaviour. This goes to say that one who ventures into the business of healing and lot emotions and psychological troubles must get into a thorough understanding of his/her personalised approach to the study of human behaviour.The counselor seeks to explain human disposition, the way out of sin or prbably emphasizing or reducing the Scriptural regulation and Gods verdict (whichever side he/she is on), and which eventually dictates intervention strategies, if any. It is even bold as to say that commission in some(prenominal) front is basically religious in nature because in the end, what is upheld or emphasized by the counselor expresses deep-rooted philosophy or religious beliefs.The story thus seeks to present a personal understanding of how radiation pattern in counseling is believed to be done considering the personal qualities, depth and realizations of Biblical truths (this is pre-eminent), and many of the nitty-gritty concepts tha t comprise the practice of counseling in ones context. Being in contemporary America, with the recent stinting meltdown that dedicate many surprised and shocked of the reduction of most of their economic capabilities to barely the minimum, being relevant as a counselor is not only a necessity, but it is the very important ingredient to aid many survive with their mental faculties intact.Therefore, this paper makes bold assumptions about human nature in general, how this is addressed in various situations that the average man will be meeting, and how growth (which is interpreted as a positive direction the individual will take) in all areas of his existence may take place. B. psychoanalytical therapy Leading figures Primary grandeur is given into the development of one of the most influential disciplines in the world today and that is psychology. This is due(p) to the fact that psychology seemed almost foremost in virtually every kind of decision making process that man makes.B ecause of this serious scriptural ministers and/or scholars or theologians withdraw long studied these effects and have come up with their answers and with their verdict. A Brief History of Modern Psychology by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (2006, p. 23) starts to trace the roots of psychology when Wundt, in 1879, initiated what is now recognized as the first psychology laboratory. The seed Benjamin satisfies the reviewer on what make the psychology today a very frequently pursued subject of inte take a breather as well as a career.Tackling on the lives of the people foremost in this discipline, the book made an differently boring and usually uninteresting subject matter into an exciting return any student will be up to(p) to handle. The author mentioned expand of the pioneers lives and the social milieu that characterized their lives and culture during their day which in all hard-nosed evaluation had made its contribution to what their suppositious perspectives had real. otherwi se important highlights implicate the development of psychological tests and assessment techniques that Stanford and Binet spearheaded among others.The describeing narrative on one of psychologys key players and foremost in what is now cognise as the first force back in the field gives the reader the importance of their contribution to cotemporary psychology (Benjamin, 2006, p. 76). -Freud, Sigmund Viennese neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939) took his medical story at the University of Vienna in 1881 and planned a specialists career in neurology. Lack of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career.His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis developed during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in Studies in Hysteria, The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, troika Contributions to the Theory of Sex in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 a book which contained the evolving t heory of the libido and the unconscious(p)ness, in subsequent years, Freuds scene became increasingly kind as revealed by the titles of his later works (Benjamin, 2006, p. 54).C. Psychoanalytic Theory The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy cognize as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts mingled with our need to suffer basic biologic instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. non all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freuds original ideas, but most would view normal or tough behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. This paper attempts to distinguish itself in trying to not only understand the theory that Freud pionee red and polished by some of his faithful followers but curiously determine the extent of its usefulness in explaining and treating abnormal behavior.. It is the aim of the author to present in precis a description and explanation of the psychodynamic approach and its usefulness in the context of abnormal behavior (Kaplan, 1994, p.657). To interpret the speculative framework of Freud in the context of the Christian religion or Biblical Christianity is essential in order to discover whether their fundamental teachings can mix well in mainstream Christianity. Freud taught about the personality constructs of id, ego and superego about exonerate association, instincts (life and destruction) his very controversial psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital the fixation and mission concepts. In general this is a theory of personality dynamics which is aimed at the motivational and emotional components of personality.It sounds good that check to Freud, man inherit s the life and culture instincts (libido and mortido). In the Biblical perspective, however, all these concepts are trace suitable to the sinful nature which all human species have inherited from the first couple pass and Eve. In some portions of the Biblical record (Roman 512), Adam is verbalise to be the federal head and from him has proceeded both sinful nature, which is inherent in all men, and death which is the Falls eventual outcome.The Bible highlights sin as the main problem of all of the manifestations of abnormality as reflected or manifested in the psyche or human behavior (Bobgan, 1987, p. 543). This theory discounts religions Gods pre-eminence, sovereignty and will, and active role in a persons life. It also discounts mans last accountability before an almighty God. Moreover, it discounts many of the fundamentals that the Bible teaches, want sin and repentance, just Freuds other followers propounded (Bobgan, 1987, p. 544). Fundamentally, environment is not to be blamed.Nothing could be more accurate than stating it in exactly the same manner that the Apostle has echoed the true state of affairs. It is somehow true to say, Its all up in the mind. People violate neighbors because first they have violated the laws of God. And so, In the futility of their mind, having their understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart who, being past olfactioning, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all uncleanness with greediness (Eph.417-19). As day-to-day news in the headlines air everyday, and practically speaking, people have made it their daily business to work driven by greed, never minding what they leave behind in their wake. Because the fight has long been lost which is in the take of consciousness everyone now is at the mercy of chance, relationally, in this world. And it goes both ways. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recog nized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints equal that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists.From simple tiddlerhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994, p. 76, 98, 456). I. The Psychodynamic concepts A. Theory of Instincts Libido, Narcissism, Instincts and Pleasure & Reality Principles. Freud employed libido to denote to that force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind. This concept is kind of crude or raw in its form hence this refers far more than coitus.Narcissism was developed by Freud as his explanation of people who happened to have lost libido and found that in the pre-occupation of the self or the ego, like in the cases of dementia praecox or schizophrenia. Persons afflicted with this mental illness appeared to have been reserved or withdrawing from other people or objects. This led Freud to purpose that a loss of contact with reality is usually common among such patients. The libido that he conceptualized as innate in every person is herein explained as invested somewhere else and that is precisely the role of self-love or narcism in the life of one afflicted.The circumstance of narcissism is not only among people with psychoses but also with what he calls neurotic persons or in normal people especially when undergoing conditions such as a visible disease or sleep. Freud explains further that narcissism exists already at birth hence, one can expect realistically that newborn babies are all told narcissistic (Sdorow, 1995, p. 67). Freud classified instincts into different distinguishing dimensions namely ego instincts, aggression, and life and death instincts.Ego instincts are the self-preservative aspects within the person, while aggression is a separate construct or structure of the mind which is not a part of the self-preservative nature of the human mind. Its source is found in the m uscles while its target is destruction. Life and death instincts called Eros and Thanatos are forces within the person that pulls in opposite directions. Death instinct is a more correctly force than life instinct (Rathus, 1988, p. 55). The pleasure and reality principles are unmistakable ideas that help understand the other aspects of Freuds theory.The latter is largely a learned function and important in postponing the need to satisfy the self (Sdorow, 1995, p. 98). B. Topographical theory of the mind Much like real physical mapping or description of a land area, the topographical theory appeared as attempt to designate areas of the mind into regions the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. The Unconscious mind is shrouded in mystery (Kaplan, 1994). It is the repository of repressed ideas, experiences and/or affects that are primary considerations when the person is in therapy or treatment.It contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression. near unconscio us urges cannot be experienced consciously because mental images and words could not portray them all in their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept below the surface by repression. It is recognized as inaccessible to consciousness but can become conscious by means of the preconscious. Its content is confined to wishes seeking fulfilment and may appropriate the motive force for the formation of dream and neurotic symptoms.In other words, unconscious forces represent wishes, desires or thoughts, that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we mechanically repress and cannot voluntarily access (Santrock, 2000, p. 43). The Preconscious is a region of the mind which is not inborn but developed only when childhood stage is beginning to emerge. The preconscious mind contains elements of experience that presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them. Freud designate the region that poked through into the light of awareness as the C onscious part of the mind.Conscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. It is closely related in understanding as that of the organ of attention operating with the preconscious. With attention the individual is able to perceive external stimuli. However, Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a wasted part of our total mental activity, oft of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces (Leahey, 1995, p. 433). C. geomorphologic Theory of the MindFreud conceptualized the mind into what is called as three provinces equivalent to its functions the id, ego and superego. The id is that aspect which only looks forward to diverting any of its desires and without any delay. The ego is the structure of the mind which begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a childs demands for gratification cannot all be met immediately. The ego stands for grounds and good sense (Freud, 1901, p. 22), f or rational ways of coping with frustrations.It curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are harmonious with social convention so that a person can uprise gratification yet avert the censure of others. In contrast to the ids pleasure, the ego follows the reality principle. The reality principle has a policy of substantive a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). The superego develops throughout early childhood, usually incorporating the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through identification.The superego holds forth lustrous examples of an ideal self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral guardian. throughout life, the superego monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out judgment of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of criminality and shame when the verdict is negative (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). As children learn that they must follow rules and regulations in satisfying their wishes, they develop a superego. The superego, which is Freuds third course of instruction of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood (Hurlock, 196, p.66). Through interactions with the parents or caregivers, a child develops a superego by taking on or incorporating the parents or caregivers standards, values, and rules. The superegos power is in making the person feel guilty if the rules are discovered the pleasure-seeking, id wants to avoid feeling guilty. It is motivated to listen to the superego as a moral guardian or conscience that is trying to control the ids wishes and impulses (Hilgard, et al, 1979).From the Freudian perspective, a hefty personality has found ways to gratify most of the ids demands without sternly offending the superego. Most of the ids be demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). D. Therapeutic goals Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a persons mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light.The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in find future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a learner in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for getting his social functioning.With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environments impact on the person he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a persons mental state. Considering that the achievemen t and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and unified these in his/her day to day affairs 1. The Medical doctors viewpoint well-being fury than the illness model2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologists viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionists viewpoint putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Experts viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, mainly the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum.There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be good enough a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated crosswise an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the amalgamation or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter.It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has wear chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance amongst the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered.Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a stark(a) man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely overleap understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychologys scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or secular preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to trusted degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them.If all problems are at hollow out spiritual matters we dont want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabbs position sure ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al., 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved ones attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006).The exquisite crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client.Although an immedi ate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications.It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemente d based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized.It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. , learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it perhaps a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). E. Summary Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness.They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. Personality grow th is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms (Source Models of abnormality, national Extension College Trust, Ltd). The goals of treatment here include to alleviate patient of the symptoms is to publish and work through unconscious conflict.The task of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the patient (Models of abnormality, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. Reference Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Corey, Gerald. 2001. The Art of Integrative Counseling.Article 29 Designing an Integrative rise to Counseling Practice Retrieved May 9, 2009 in http//counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas04/29. pdf Crabb, Larr y, 2000. Found in Anderson et al resource. Christ-centered therapy. http//books. google. com/books? id=Rn-f2zL01ZwC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=effective+biblical+counseling+by+larry+crabb+critique&source= meshing&ots=WFVYLIqP1n&sig=MqIhqE_XfGzIQODAKV5iMPjqz14PPA19,M1 Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale. 2001. Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John & Wiley Sons, Inc. Ellis, Albert 2001.Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors New Directions for judicious Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddocks Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins. Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. 2006. A brief history of Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell 1 edition. Bobgan, Martin & Deidre. 1987. Psychology Science or Religion? From Psychoheresy The psychological seduction of Christianity. Eastgate Publishers. Retrieved May 6, 2009. http//www. rapidnet. com/jbeard/bdm/Psychology/psych. htm Boring, Edwin G . et. al. 1948. Foundat