Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Human Rights and Education

Human Rights and Education 1. INTRODUCTION: The right to education is a fundamental human right. Every individual, irrespective of race, nationality, gender, ethnic , religion or political preference, age or disability, is entitled to a free elementary education. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.  [1]. Education is a preparation for life it need everyone. Thus, education with human rights is closely related to the right to education. International and regional human rights mentioned in various documents such as resolutions, declaration and conventions emphasize that the knowledge of human rights and should be a priority in education policies. The right to education is one of the most fundamental right but also human rights. Education shall be directed to the full debelopment of the human personality and to the strengtheninng of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promoting understanding, tollerance and friendship among all nations, religious or racial groups, and shall further the activities of the united nations for the mainmaintenance of peace. [ Art 26(2), UDHR: Art 13(1), ICESCR; Art 7, CERD; Art 29(1), CRC; Art 25, ACHPR; Art 13(2), ESCR; protocole to ACHR]  [2]   The right to education is recognized as a human right and is understood to establish an entitlement to free, compulsory primary education for all children, and its obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all children, as well as equitable access to higer education, and a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions the right to education encompasses also the obligation to eliminate discrimination at every levels of the educational system, to set minimum standards and to improve quality of education. 2. FULFILLMENT THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION The right to education has a special value as its enables people to increase their chances and knowledge to having their others right fullfilled. Every persons shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities desired to meet their basic learning needs. 2.1 AVAILABILITY Education should be free to all, minimum the primary education and fundamental level. Every government should build enough schools to guarantee that everybody should be educated. They should be provide all the books and materials for free. The primary education should be compulsory and higher education should be available. 2.2 ACCESSIBILITY Every educational institute should be accessible for everybody. Nobody can be discriminated on basis of race, sex, color, religion, immigration status, economic status, language and also ethnic. The school should be safe to attend and should be reasonable distance from the community. Education should be affordable to all, with textbooks, supplies and uniforms provided to students at no extra costs. Higher education shall be made equally accessible for all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, in particular by the progressive introduction of free education. 2.3 ACCEPTABILITY The learning method of schools should be acceptable to the parent for their children and they should fulfill national norms that are set by the government also should be provide the quality educations. 2.4 ADAPTABILITY Adaptability means education has to be flexible and easy. It promotes equitable outcomes for all learners and it can respond to the diverse needs of students. The educations shoul be adaptable and the educational process should be easy to all, and this educational program should be adjustable to all the people. Implementation International law does not protect the right to pre-primary education and international documents generally omit references to education at this level.[19] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everybody has the right to education, hence the right accures to all individuals, although children are understood as the main beneficiaries.[20] The rights to education are separated into three levels: Primary (Elemental or Fundamental) Education. This shall be compulsory and free for any child regardless of their nationality, gender, place of birth, or any other discrimination. Upon ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. Secondary (or Elementary, Technical and Professional in the UDHR) Education must be generally available and accessible. Higher Education (at the University Level) should be provided according to capacity. That is, anyone who meets the necessary education standards should be able to go to university. Both secondary and higher education shall be made accessible by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education.[21] The only country that has declared reservations about introducing free secondary or higher education is Japan.[22] 3. HUMAN RIGHTS AND EDUCATION Every child, youth, man and women has the human right to educations, training and information and also fundamental rights dependent upon realization of human rights prospective to human rights educations. The States Parties recognize the right of everyone to education. Education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among racial, ethnic or religious groups. Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all Secondary education including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all. Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all.  [3]   Every government have to force to childrens parent to send their child to school, at least primary education. Education should be free for all and every government are bound to provide this. The state are encourage to our society for human rights educations. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION Today education is the most important human rights, we need to develop this right and also we have to thik about the education trainer or teacher for quality educations. We have to proper implimentation on human right convention, for serve the right to education. Today educations is the one of the most important function of the state. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to: (a) The development of the childs personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential; (b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations; (c) The development of respect for the childs parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own; (d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin; (e) The development of respect for the natural environment.  [4]   5. CONCLUSION Education is the deepest foundation of the modern human right, and education for all and as a human rights education. Today the main vision is education for all an equal right for all to an education directed at personal desire and self development for our society and country also we need to make sure life long education for all, and for the every different society. Every state are bound to provide minimum primary education. This primary education had a relatively clear interpretation in most state from the time has been the universal declaration of human rights was proclaimed. The international declarations, resoulations and conventions are emphasize that the knowledge of human rights should be a priority in educationa policies.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Laura’s Missed Opportunity :: Glass Menagerie essays

Laura's Missed Opportunity in The Glass Menagerie "The Glass Menagerie" is a play about intense human emotions; frustration, desperation, sadness, anger, shyness, and regret. Perhaps the most intense scene in the play is when a gentleman caller,   Jim O'Connor, finally does come. All of their futures hang in the balance during this scene. Laura is actually drawn out of her shyness with someone besides her family, and she actually begins to feel good about herself. If Jim had not been engaged to someone else the outcome of the play may have been different. If he had been free to love her, he may have continued to call on her, drawing her out of her shell and raising her self-esteem. They may have eventually married, giving Laura a husband to love her, making Amanda happy, and making Tom free to leave and live his own life. Laura is very nervous when Jim comes to the door. Amanda pleads with her to open it. Besides her words differing somewhat from the play text, she does not try to stall Jim and Tom by calling out lyrically, "Coming! Just one second." Laura's meeting with Jim at the door is just as I imagined it while reading the play, his demeanor casual and friendly, and her shyness painfully obvious. After entering the house Tom goes out on the terrace, but he does not light his cigarette before going out as the play directs, and he also continues to read his paper once he is on the terrace, which the play says nothing about. Another difference that was instantly apparent in the movie was the absence of the images that pop up every couple of pages during the play. I think the absence of these images slightly undermines the aura of unreality. The presence of the images represents dreams and imagination, which we know are made up, fantasy. The absence of the dreamlike images helps us forget what Tom says at beginning of the play, "the play is memory. Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic." As Tom is still speaking to Jim in the movie, he does not lean over the rail with the appearance of a voyager as he says, "I'm planning to change.", as he is supposed to in the play, neither does he wave his hand toward the movie theatre as he speaks of it. Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Laura’s Missed Opportunity :: Glass Menagerie essays Laura's Missed Opportunity in The Glass Menagerie "The Glass Menagerie" is a play about intense human emotions; frustration, desperation, sadness, anger, shyness, and regret. Perhaps the most intense scene in the play is when a gentleman caller,   Jim O'Connor, finally does come. All of their futures hang in the balance during this scene. Laura is actually drawn out of her shyness with someone besides her family, and she actually begins to feel good about herself. If Jim had not been engaged to someone else the outcome of the play may have been different. If he had been free to love her, he may have continued to call on her, drawing her out of her shell and raising her self-esteem. They may have eventually married, giving Laura a husband to love her, making Amanda happy, and making Tom free to leave and live his own life. Laura is very nervous when Jim comes to the door. Amanda pleads with her to open it. Besides her words differing somewhat from the play text, she does not try to stall Jim and Tom by calling out lyrically, "Coming! Just one second." Laura's meeting with Jim at the door is just as I imagined it while reading the play, his demeanor casual and friendly, and her shyness painfully obvious. After entering the house Tom goes out on the terrace, but he does not light his cigarette before going out as the play directs, and he also continues to read his paper once he is on the terrace, which the play says nothing about. Another difference that was instantly apparent in the movie was the absence of the images that pop up every couple of pages during the play. I think the absence of these images slightly undermines the aura of unreality. The presence of the images represents dreams and imagination, which we know are made up, fantasy. The absence of the dreamlike images helps us forget what Tom says at beginning of the play, "the play is memory. Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic." As Tom is still speaking to Jim in the movie, he does not lean over the rail with the appearance of a voyager as he says, "I'm planning to change.", as he is supposed to in the play, neither does he wave his hand toward the movie theatre as he speaks of it.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

How successful was Alexander II in transforming Russian Society Essay

Despite being donned ‘The Great Reformer’ by various historians, there are two sides to the opinion of Alexander II. Although he emancipated the serfs, brought about military, government, judicial, educational, censorship, economic and church reforms, society was unsatisfied. E. Radzinsky, author of ‘Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar’ suggested that he was ‘two-headed’, with one head for reform, the other for the past, which may be proven in his retracting of reforms due to fear of how much power the people of Russia were acquiring, yet in terms of transforming society, through change and modernising, he was successful. In 1861, just 6 years after coming to power, Alexander II emancipated the serfs. Such an action was revolutionary, yet he was not without his reasons. He assured a group of Moscow noblemen that â€Å"it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below†. The Ukase meant serfs were free men, they could marry, create businesses, have rights and own property without need of approval from the landowner who previously owned them. They could keep the land they previously farmed and the landlords received compensation from the loss of land. This was a huge undertaking, to completely change the Russian system of serfdom, and it brought about enterprise and the seeds of modernisation. Following this reform, Alexander II set out to change even more. Local governments were set up, called the ‘zemstva’, and they could improve public services and administer relief. Towns were now represented by ‘Dumas’ and the electorates understood the town’s issues, so could improve education and local welfare. In the zemstva, liberals were able to discuss the running of the country – a nod towards the western government system. The relaxing of censorship, which had even begun before the emancipation, meant western ideas would spread further. Foreign works were permitted and Russia saw far more books and newspapers published, from a meagre 1836/year in 1,855 to 10,691 in 1964. There were new regulations; no longer did every title of a book need to be checked before being published. Wider reading meant greater education, whilst the emancipation meant that a greater number needed to be educated. The zemstva allowed these educational changes to be funded. Alexander Golovnin was appointed the Minister of Education in 1962, and under him, for the next 15 years education was transformed. In 1970, schools adopted an ‘open for all’ policy. Women and all races could attend secondary school. Between 1856 and 1880, the number of primary schools almost tripled and during the 1870s, the number of students at university did also. The zemstva took over the church’s educational responsibility in 1864, leading to more liberal and modern thinking. The educational reforms lead to all communities being brighter, encouraging further business and free education lead to social mobility and opportunity. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Pyotr Valuev set up the Ecclesiastical Commission in 1862 to investigate church organisation and practise. The church, as a powerful weapon of the government had to retain the loyalty of the people, especially after the abolition of serfdom. In 1868, reforms meant the most talented and educated priests could be promoted within the church, and furthermore, Russia began to accept Polish Catholicism and relaxed her stance on the Jews and promoted the Finnish language. A hugely important reform was economic. After the defeat in the Crimean war, Russia needed to earn back worldwide respect. Mikhail von Reutern, the Minister of Finance from 1862 – 1878 ensured there were taxes, budgets and a watch on government spending. Tax-farming was abolished, whilst banks were allowed credit facilities. Subsidies were spread to encourage the creation of railways and foreign investment in Russia was encouraged. The mining and cotton industries also thrived and national growth did too. This was a big step towards modernisation, exports meant industry and railways meant transport, which also assisted the moving of modern military weapons and soldiers, Russia was moving forward. Ttaxation was fairer now, and that idea of equality spread to the judicial system. In 1864, Dmitrii Zamyatnin modelled a new system on western ideas. There were different types of courts, Volost courts to deal with emancipation, minor offences and the like, with judges who were elected unbiased peasants. The judges were paid more, which meant there was less corruption in the system, and careers in law began to emerge with the greater education system. Open courts meant the public could view sentencing and be deterred from crime, and the press were free to document court cases. Surprisingly, the issue that triggered many reforms such as economic and the emancipation due to the shame in Crimea was the last to be brought about. The military reforms began in 1874, a while after the defeat.. Milyutin, the War Minster, recognised the importance of having a smaller, more professional army as opposed to a large and untrained one. Being in the army was no longer a punishment, and for some a career, as nepotism was stopped by military colleges. The length of service was reduced by 10 years to just 15, and class had nothing to do with whether or not you were conscripted. This all lead to reduced government expenditure on the military, and a small victory against Turkey in 1877. Despite the huge impact of Alexander II’s reforms, they did not all transform society, especially as he withdrew several in years to come. Emancipation did not stop any discontent from the lower classes, as following the Ukase, there were 647 riots in 4 months. Many had less land than before, and were forced to pay ‘redemption payments’ for 49 years at a 6% rate of interest. The nobility were not satisfied either, and by 1905, 50% of the remaining land had been sold, as profits fell. Other reforms were also not without fault. Zemstvas and Dumas never truly had the demands of the peasants fulfilled and they had no greater power. The Provincial Governors, who were appointed by the Tsar, could overrule any decision and by 1914, still only about 60% of provinces had a local government. This caused limitations in all other reforms. The economy remained relatively weak, and despite the open courts in the judicial system, government budgets were definitely not open for public viewing. 66% of government revenue came from indirect taxation and with the changing value of their currency, the rouble; Russia was still not financially stable. The church was certainly not transformed greatly, as if it lost its power, so would the tsar. Clerical poverty was still rife and not all priests were educated. The church still censored media, as did the military and both religious and military courts were not reformed. Unlike the rest of the courts which now had a jury, any political or important crimes were dealt with by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and revolutionaries were still arrested by the Third Section, with peasants still being treated with a degree of inequality in the courts. Educational and Censorship reforms also incited rebellion, with greater opportunity to spread radical ideas or even to spread general intelligence, which meant the government was threatened. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also still held the right to fine and prevent some publications in the media. The Military reforms were not without drawbacks either. Illiterate peasants (of which there were still vast numbers, despite the spread of education) could not benefit from the new training, and officers were still largely the product of nepotism. The army was still in essence peasant conscription and despite the railways, supply was far from perfect, as the trains were slow to develop and spread. Alexander II, the man with whom Queen Victoria herself fell in love with, the ‘tsar liberator’ and the man who transformed a system that had not changed for 300 years was certainly ‘the great reformer’. He revolutionised almost every aspect of Russian society, and despite the fact that it may not have lasted, he still managed to begin modernisation for Russia. He could never satisfy the whole country. Before his death, there were many attempts on his life, and many were close. But he brought about greater equality, rights and hope. He showed the Russian people that change was possible, and strengthened the economy. Even though he grew scared of the nationwide liberation, the Loris-Melikov constitution is proof enough that he didn’t want the country to stay oppressed. Even on the day he was killed, he tried to transform Russia.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Historical Sexual Abuse Claims Dating From The 1970 S

Question 4 Explain fully the issues involved in the High Court decision in Stingel v Clark (2006) 226 CLR 442. Did the High Court reach the right decision in this case? Contextual Analysis In Stingel v Clark (2006), plaintiff, Carol Ann Stingel sued Geoff Clark over alleged historical sexual abuse claims dating from the 1970‟s. 1 In this case, the High Court had opted not to follow the earlier House of Lords authority of Stubbings v Webb, 2 â€Å"which had denied that the commencement of a limitation period could be delayed until the date of the injured person s knowledge in the case of an intentional assault†.3 Instead the High Court relied on the interpretation of Section 5(1A) of the Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic), which reads as follows: â€Å"An action for damages for negligence nuisance or breach of duty (whether the duty exists by virtue of a contract or of provision made by or under a statute or independently of any contract or any such provision) where the damages claimed by the plaintiff consist of or include damages in respect of personal injuries consisting of a disease or disorder contracted by any person may be brought not more than six years from and the cause of action shall be taken to have accrued on the date on which the person first knows – (a) That he has suffered those personal injuries; and (b) that those personal injuries were caused by the act or omission of some person.† In handing down the decision, The High Court submitted that Ms Stingel wasShow MoreRelatedGirl Gangs and the Female Crime Wave in America Essay6758 Words   |  28 Pagesbegan to surface as a serious problem in America. 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