The Press Agentry Model Media Essay

The squelch Agentry Model Media EssayThe earliest PR lesson to come out was air takeure agentry or promotional material. It emerged in the late 19th century and was characterized as one-way, source-to-receiver communication where the flow of tuition is only from the sender to the receiver. The sender is not much concerned about the second segmentys feedback, reviews and so on. Press agentry take ons to change the behavior of overts without changing the behavior of the organization. Under the agitate agentry, reality relations strive for forwarding in the media in almost any way possible. Grunig Hunt confirm that the determine involves a propaganda tend (Grunig Hunt, 1984 pp. 21) and academics such as Butterick (2009), Theaker (2004), and Johnston Zawawi (2004) agree that accuracy and credibility are somewhat compromised as the goal of the model is to influence the audience by manufacturing hots, be that by way of stunts or explicit publicity seeking. Butterick (2009 ) states that practitioners who intake this model become press agents, utilising a range of PR tools from press releases to publicity stunts which in cut into ensures that an audience takes a specific course of action.Press agents did little research aside from monitoring the media in which they sought to place favorable articles about their clients. The prototype practitioner of this model was the American impresario P. T. Barnum. He promoted circuses and other entertainment venues such as the singer Jenny Lind. Publicity continues to be a member of contemporary American PR and is used in sports, entertainment and product publicity, although todays practitioners are less liable(predicate) to take liberties with the truth. In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations expects enhance the reputation of the organization among the mug audience, stakeholders, employees, partners, all other associated with it by manipulation. According to this model, hire public relations expe cts who create a cocksure image of their brand in the minds of pose audience through arguments and reasoning. They influence their potential customers by simply imposing their ideas, thoughts, creative stories of their brand, USPs of the products and so on. Flow of information takes place only from the public relations expects to the tar ticktock audiences. (One-Way communication)Although J. Grunig and Hunt acknowledged that there had been public-relations-like activities throughout history, they claimed that the press agents of the mid-19th century were the first full- name specialists to practice public relations. These press agents practiced the press agentry/ publicity model of public relations for such heroes as Andrew Jackson, Daniel Boone, buffalo Bill Cody, and Calamity Jane. The most prominent of these practitioners was P.T. Barnum, who skillfully promoted his circus performers using the axiom, There is a popsicle born every minute.Curiosity and skepticism played a piv otal role in the mastery of the press agentry model in the 19th Century, as illustrated with Barnums stunt, and to this day it unsounded does. Butterick (2009) points out that we only overhear to look at the inner editorial pages of the tabloid newspapers, the celebrity magazines or observe when a new movie or CD is launched to see the press agentry model in its purest form. Press agents like max Clifford are often seen as masters of the industry, carefully manipulating the media coverage of their clients, as Butterick notes even the so-called scoopful portrays of semi-naked celebrities on a beach in a Sunday newspaper can sometimes be the result of a collusion between the stars publicist and photographer.Although it is clear from the examples above that the press agentry model is still very much in use in the 21st Century, we can easily argue that the morals involved in this model are highly questionable, and the admission from Grunig Hunt that the model has an element of pr opaganda committed to it does nothing to distil the negative connotations attached to PR as propaganda (Butterick, 2009).However, despite these criticisms, it is ultimately our curiosity and scepticism which ensures the press agentry model is still alive and well in the modern day. Although the modern day PR practitioner must be more au fait with the truth, the very foundations of the model still exist whether it be to publicise a sporting event, a theatre production, or the scariest film of the decade, as in the modern movie release Paranormal Activity (2009). We, the public, will either want to believe what we see, or distinguish out for ourselves if our scepticism can be proven correct which is why this model still diddle for practitioners seeking to gain the illusive media spotlight and is therefore relevant for the 21st Century.Having established a take aim for the press agentry model in the 21st Century, we must now look at its successor how it works, and how it continues to work today, in order to establish how relevant it remains. The public information model surfaced circa 1920, when, some say, the press agentry model started to lose credibility with journalists who had caught on to the press agents way of emitting the truth on many an occasion to get their clients into the media (Grunig Hunt, 1984). Although similar to the press agentry model in that it is characterised by a one way method of communication, the public information model differs because it is aimed at giving its audience clear and factual information.Press agentry is closely associated with publicity in the entertainment world. Press agentry is the practice of attracting the attention of the press through technique that manufactures news. Methods associated with press agentry take on staged events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning, and hype. A common practice is the late 1800s and early 1900s, press agentry is not part of mainstream public relations. Rather , it is a practice primarily associated with major entertainment-related events, such as Hollywood premieres and boxing matches. The goal of press agentry is to attract attention rather than gain understanding. Even today, however, the term press agent is sometimes used interchangeably with publicist in traditional Broadway theater and motion picture industries. Todays entertainment industries are populated with publicists rather than press agents. Publicists are individuals skilled in media relations who attempt to get the name of their clients or events in the media by carefully constructing messages that inform, educate, and persuade. Some are astute in branding and positioning strategies to aid the careers and success of their clients.In contrast, press agents want attention either near(a) or bad in most any form. Press agentry had been called persuasion for short-term advantage through the use of truth bending and even distortion, but it can also be simply the theatrical prod uction of provocative acts to get publicity and draw attention to an individual, event, or cause. Therefore, it is understandable that one of the earliest proponents of press agentry was Phineas Taylor (P.T) Barnum, the famed American showman and promoter who put gun Gen. Tom Thumb on viewing and launched a mobile circus featuring Jumbo the elephant and freak shows. Barnum was a master of press agentry. For instance, he wrote garner both praising and criticizing his circus show to newspaper under an assumed name.In the early part of his career, Edward L. Bernays was also a master of press agentry. He persuaded 10 debutantes to hold up Lucky read cigarettes manufactured by his client, the American Tobacco Company, as torches of freedom while participating in forward-looking Yorks Easter parade. In 1929, Bernays staged a global news event by organizing the Lights Golden Jubilee, a worldwide calebration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the electric light bulb for his client, G eneral Electric. Bernays managed to secure several(prenominal) prominent individuals for that event, including carmaker Henry Ford, electricity scientist Thomas Edison, and President Herbert Hoover.Henry Rogers, one of the founders of Rogers and Cowan, the largest and most roaring West Coast entertainment publicity firm, became well known when he promoted an unknown contract faker for Columbia Pictures named Rita Hayworth. He contacted Look magazine with a telegram from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America, a false group, claiming that Hayworth was the best-dressed off-screen actress. Look magazine took the bait and put Hayworth on the cover and published 10 pages of her photographs.

Comparing The Dsdm And Rup Devices Information Technology Essay

Comparing The Dsdm And Rup Devices instruction Technology EssayThis report comprises the simile between two modern frames development methodologies Dynamic governing body Development Method (DSDM) and thinking(prenominal) Unified Process (RUP). In the beginning of this report, strengths and weaknesses have been put forwardd for both methodologies prescribed the challenges related to the implementation. It also encompasses the evaluation framework based on the comparison and justification of method for polish off Solutions.This report also contains characteristics of DSDM and RUP methodologies that are widely wasting diseased in Agile Software Development and the challenges associated with implementing speedy marches in the bundle industry. This anecdotal evidence has been increased regarding the effectiveness of agile methodologies in certain environments simply there have not been much collection and analysis of empirical evidence for agile sees. consort to this repo rt after performing comparison, it has been found that DSDM agile methodologies fuel provide good benefits for small leprose and medium scaled drift development whereas RUP seems dominant for software and systems delivery with implementation.Modern societies have been victimisation computer software for more than five decades. Software development used to be a sturdy activity for the software developers. Development used to be carried out(p) without any plan and the design of the system was determined from many short term decisions. Small systems used to get away from problems but as systems grew bigger, it became more difficult to add new features in undergoing development and problems were harder to fix. Same procedures for system development were carried out for many years until an alternative was introduced Methodology. Methodologies impose a disciplined process upon software development with the charter of making software development more predictable and more efficient ( Avison Fitzgerald, 2006).DSDM and RUP contain agile concepts much(prenominal) as repetitious and incremental development, time boxing, prioritization and active user involvement. According to Avison Fitzgerald (2006), DSDM is a part of fast Development Methodology (RAD) whereas RUP is part of Obeject Oriented Methodology. DSDM and RUP have been triumphful by using them in iterative development life cycles. Both methodologies have become the most important challenger in the field of agile development. This report has revealed the comparison between both processes from a DSDM point of view. It has examined the strengths and weaknesses of the processes (DSDM RUP) plus the differences and the similarities. Both processes can be combined in a system development approach which could result in reform product.DSDM and RUP ComparisonRUP Definition Jacobsen et al (1994) define RUP is an iterative approach for object oriented systems, and it strongly embraces use cases for modelling requirements and building the foundation for a system. In 2002 RUP was acquired by IBM. According to IBM (2011) RUP is a comprehensive process framework that provides industry-tested practices for software and systems delivery and implementation and for effective project mangement.DSDM Definition According to DSDM Atern (2011), DSDM is the processes by which solutions are developed must be agile and deliver what the art needs when it needs it. DSDM offer nimbleness and flexibility by using useful processes in project development with the combination of solution developers association and with the usage of advanced supportive tools and techniques. System delivery can be achieved by presenting many prototypes and final exam product can be delivered on different timescales.Dynamic System Development Method and intelligent Unified Process are the part of Agile Methodology for the project development. They both follow the super acid rules and procedures by utilizing iterative and in cremental development. This common usability and functionality of DSDM and RUP can be seen through their similarities in system development.SimilaritiesDSDM and RUPPrinciplesThe success of DSDM Atern is based on its 8 principles for the system development which are also carried by RUP in development.LifecycleAs DSDM and RUP processes are part of Agile Methodology hence both use iterative and incremental lifecycle for software development.Process ModelRUPs framework which defines the complete solution model for any small level project can be adopted by DSDM framework which consists of set of rules for developing a system.TerminologyAs both processes support and use various tools and techniques but still they share many common terminologies, e.g. variety Management, Dependency Management etc.RolesRUP favours the support and importance of roles and responsibilities related to system developers along with other business users where as DSDM concentrates on business owners, business visi onaries and business users. Both processes realise and utilize the actors involvement in system development.TechniquesDSDM and RUP, both use various advance techniques and tools in software development and in project development. There is large number of tools supported by both approaches which can be seen in comparison table.GuidelinesBoth processes include guidelines on different aspects of the project lifecycle. RUP includes very complete guidelines on UML modelling, Requirements management, Development, Testing and variety management. DSDM includes support for facilitated workshops and timeboxing.TemplatesRUP includes a number of general and tool specific templates. DSDM deliberately avoids templates to encourage wider usage.ExamplesBoth processes provide project examples, DSDM providing these examples inthe form of white papers, where RUP includes them in the on-line process.ToolsRUP provides comprehensive documentation on how the Rational Tool set integrates with the process. This provides the practitioner with context sensitive help within the particular Rational tool. DSDM provides advocate on tools to assist people in choosing their own tool set.

Sociological Theories of Leisure: Marx and Weber

Sociological Theories of untenanted Marx and Weber untenanted is an argona of sociological study that has, according to umpteen sociologists including Chris Rojek1 been neglected. The literature, sure in the countries of Britain and Australia, has been dominated by views and theories that fit into a red ink modelling. Leisure is juxtaposed against what is deemed its opposite, nominate. In this essay I shall take in charge to elucidate some of that loss framework and then criticise what fanny be viewed as its limitations and so, hopefully, highlighted and beneathstanding some of the implications necessary for a unless(prenominal) and deeper understanding of the sociology of vacant.Marxs most basic premise, that man in capitalistic society is alienated from his knowledge moil, is also, unsurprisingly, the theoretical underpinning for bolshie notions of vacant. The change from older forms of economic commercialises to capitalist industrialisation forced a split in th e work/ void relationship. The identification of leisure as the sphere in which bespeaks ar satisfied and pleasure found simultaneously makes work less susceptible to criticism as failing and more than salient as that which has to be tolerated to earn the freedom of leisure. Instrumentalism about work is built into this apply separation leisure is the prize to be won.2 This demarcation is seen as the principle victory, in a pour out of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of comprehend is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. The idea that genius worked to live at the weekend, or outside of work, became prevalent. Work became a sum to an end.The sphere of leisure, once created, offered the ruling socio-economic classifyes the opport unit of measurementy to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious slip charge, permeating what was supposed(p) to be free time. If the working class wants alcoho l and music, it shall gather in them simply altogether to be consumed under certain conditions.3 Under the guise of caring for workers rights and needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the dominant ruling classes could secure that time away from work was fatigued in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was, of course, to ensure the resultivity of workers and thus perpetuate the capitalist market. A hung over worker was of little use.The establishment of leisure as use of goods and serviceshas also been of considerable significance.4 This was capitalisms second great victory in regards to leisure. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is all about breathing in. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought and sold as well as used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideology with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher.The freedom of leisure is a fallacy. The more vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly unequal distri bution of wealth and income.5 Instead of resistance to the accompaniment that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by social division and unequal distribution.Those with relatively more control over work tend to have more control over their leisure class does not end at the factory gategender even less so.6 Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link amongst the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work in a capitalist industrial society.Resistance to leisure models are, according to Clarke and Critcher, ultimately fut ile. The market can not completely control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisi whizd. This would be seen as a site of resistance except, Such strategies whitethorn modify but cannot challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of both commodity, we must stolon enter the market as consumers to acquire it.7In a manner sometimes reminiscent of the too soon Marx, Simmel argues that modern font production is not the site of creativity, of individuality, of pleasure.8 Marx produced that workers were alienated from their species being, their creativity, individuality and ultimately their pleasure. Simmel here echoes those sentiments. He also concurs that leisure is an escape from such alienation. In this context then, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work lead us to require and one thing of our leisure we must be made co mfortable we only wish to be amused.9 These notions are very similar to those of Marxist and neo-Marxist theorists such as Clarke and Critcher. Leisure is a reward for time spent working and the real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex.The sphere of non-work, ostensibly that of leisure, can also be filled out by consumption and by circulation in search of what is new. Where a mass of consumers has been created, commodities can be sold for their price rather than their quality.10 It is to be noted that in sociology of the Marxist tradition, and here in Simmels own words, what constitutes leisure in a capitalist society for the workers is judged morally bankrupt and alienating. meter over quality, mere amusement over the satisfaction of any deeper needs. Many theorists question this view. Wrestling would certainly be treated as such mere amusement in a Marxist or Simmel tradition, yet for Barthes11, such low culture reproduces the species being that they see as lacking from capitalist leisure. The Marxist tradition makes those judgements with very little empirical evidence. As Rojek states, So far leisure and other studies have provided little sense of what people actually do or feel in pubs, gardens, kitchens, on pitches or package tours.12 The assumption of what people experience during leisure is dangerous. 13In Freudian psychology, An irresistible verbal transiteffortlessly replaces theterm leisure, with a substitute, pleasure.14 In essence our existence, at the polymorphous perversity stage, begins as fun. The processes of society, the rules of the ego, attempt to cage that fun. The world of fun is repressed.15 Freud noted the classic bourgeois ego, perhaps best represented by Veblens Leisure class.16 For Freud, it was, Just this objectivity which justified the utilitarian tradition in psychology, and, viewing the individual as a consumer rather than a producer, regarded ple asure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.17 Freud depicted the mercenary ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, in both implicit and declared ways, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, as Rojek points out, the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.18Interestingly, Freudian psychology breaks with Marxist tradition. The pleasure of fun is not to be found in commodities. Commodities are the only form of leisure since, under capitalist ideology all leisure is a commodity. So, reacting to the psychological need to escape from the alienation of work, people seek excitement from their commodities instead. Consumption has become excitingPossession, of course, remains its prerequisite, but necessity is held in abeyance.19 The act of shopping in it self has become the excitement, the commodity itself holds less importance. Evidence of this comes from, The comparative l ongevity of modern goods (Which are) overwhelmed by the wish for continual newness.20 Freud, rather pessimistically, saw no real way out of this ideological trap, hence his claim, For psychoanalysis the modest therapeutic aim of transforming neurotic misery into popular unhappiness.21Kelly argues that, If something has to be done then it isnt leisure and that leisure is generally understood as elect activity that is not work.22 Sociology is replete with such ethereal and vague definitions of just what exactly leisure is. Clarke and Critcher state that their work, Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions about what is or is not leisure. We do not believe that these questions can be solved by ever more elaborate analytic juggling.23 H F Moorhouse24 takes issue with this. He raises the very salient point that one could consider it happily ignorant to conduct a whole study without first defining what it is one is researching. Clarke and Critcher rely on a self evident truth of what leisure is. Self evident truths are, quite lots, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but sense in this case is not of necessity common. It operates with the simple and stereotyped view of what most work is like, seeing it as impoverished, routinised, deskilled etc..What is a very obscure issue is oversimplified.25 For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse To allow that paid labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.26This can only be seen as a weakness.Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher state that they are writing during a time (1985) of transition to post-industrial society. If one take this claim seriously then it has pregnant implications. The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in management have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for many workersMoreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.27 Technology, in grouchy that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home and blurred the lines of what constitutes work and leisure lock in further. The dualistic and simplistic theme, as found in Clarke and Critcher and other works in the Marxist tradition, may no longer be completely adequate to explain the sociology of leisure. Their account seems isolated in a very specific moment, a moment of change. Older accounts, Veblens, Marxs, Simmels, may have been entirely accurate at the time they were published, but that time has long since past. Other considerations may need to be taken into account.My conformation is that the distinctions between work and leisure, public and private life, duty and excitement, have blurred.28 If one takes the work of Rojek seriously, what implications for the tired and simplistic definitions of what constitutes work and leisure? Freud defines leisure as pleasure as fun. If the boundaries of what constitutes leisure and work are indeed eroding could it mean that leisure, pleasure and fun can be found in work? Or work in fun? A cogent example would be of a party that one feels obliged to attend. You do not like the food, you hate the music, youre surrounded by people you reject and you would give anything to be anywhere else. Yet this is your leisure time? The sociology of leisure needs to address these concerns.Relationships and structures of leisure help mitigate human problems, foster cohesion in communities, alleviate personal suffering, maintain economic stability, and encourage political activity.29 Some sociologists see leisure as being a site for evolution essential social cyberspaces, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction. If one considers Simmels conception that sociability is the, subtile form of intera cting independence of individuals,30 then one might conclude that the development of leisure profits are a morally good occurrence that let actors enjoy true or pure leisure, pleasure and fun. perhaps for the good of the sociology of leisure, There is a need to shift attention away from the characteristics of individuals or groups as the unit of analysis, and focus on the characteristics of social relationships between people.31Social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.32 The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the active oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and there is no room for any real dialogue between workers desire and capitalist ideology. 33 Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple. feminist theorists such as Wearing34 raise the issues of the problem of womens experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichters work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The geomorphological and pervasive economic ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, however particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusively economic. Theorists such as Butler35 indicate the problem of explaining womens position in society while being forced to use the only wording available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.36If one is a woman then that is surely not all that one isgender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively established identities.37In conclusion and as stated above in the introduction to this essay, leisure is very often regarded as having been neglected in the arena of sociological study. Perhaps one of the reasons for this indifference has been the genui ne problem of even defining exactly what leisure is. The Marxist tradition has held dominance in the field much since the time of Marx himself. Even those who I have used to criticise some of the Marxist perspectives themselves share many similar views38. This is because it is incredibly difficult to understand leisure without its opposite. This study is really as much of a study of work as it is of leisure and this author actually can not find shortcoming in that approach. What I do find fault with is the quite often simplistic dualism that is depicted between the two. As Rojek concludes, the edges between work and leisure are blurred and this is something that is important to the future study of leisure.Marxist ideas are frequently accused of being economicly deterministic. Whilst I personally find that accusation a spook harsh, many of the theories outlined above could be accused of considering the economic, the capitalist, a little too much in their theorisations. LeisureIs ac tion in structureproduced by action in the real world of roles and responsibilities as well as the division of race, class, age and gender.39 All of these particular characteristics must be considered in any study of leisure.Moorhouse suggests a methodology. Weber used the concepts of status group and lifestyle to refer to specific patterns of consumption and culturally based attachments. 40 What is certain is that by using such concepts, and still further, the sociology of leisure can only broaden its knowledge.BibliographyRoland Barthes Mythologies pub by J. Cape 1972Roland Barthes Image, music, text pub by Fontana fix 1977Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. make by Macmillan press 1989The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. print by Macmillan 1985Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994Ways of hedge by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 sex activity trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999Black feminist conception by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959Footnotes1 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 19932 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-953 Ibid p954 Ibid p955 Ibid p966 Ibid7 Ibid p2018 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p789 Ibid p8310 Ibid p7811 Roland Barthes Mythologies pub by J. Cape 1972Roland Barthes Image, music, text pub by Fontana Press 197712 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p3113 Though Rojek himself reaches many of the same himself conclusions regarding the banality of modern leisure, in particular package tours, travel and tourism.Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 199314 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p5315 Ibid p6416 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen, was large consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities.17 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p6918 Ibid p10119 Ibid p7020 Ibid p7021 Ibid p5722 Ibid p1723 The devil makes work Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii24 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 198925 Ibid p2226 Ibid p2527 Ibid p10828 Ibid p10829 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p11230 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p8731 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p3832 Ibid p11233 At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, that the very entry into the market process taints any action with is ideological stigma.34 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 199835 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 199936 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 199037 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p638 Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 199339 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p3740 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p31

Technological Advances: The Negative Effects

Technological Advances The Negative EffectsTechnological advance handst as a term toilet be defined as beingness able to improve the standard of brisk done altering the production process and increasing the level of production with fewer resources (Mabry Sharplin 1986). This definition is al just ab step up linked to the act of using computers, robots and the deal but all bowel drive towards more(prenominal)(prenominal) efficient shipway of providing services is a proficient advancement. When unitary begins with premise that the gradual shift from human-sensitive methods of wind get out pose a worry in south near Africa as a emergence hoidenish, au personalityl(p) human k promptlyledge composes sufficient as a proficient advancement. engine room varies in its purposes and uses. It has become the natesbone of any sort of growth endeavour in the maturation world. Characterised by efficiency, accuracy and cost benefits. Developed countries atomic number 18 suited better to manage the negatives that come from the ein truthplacet use of engineering science. Their economies be strong enough to manage un physical exertion and the like.Often, populate that fear or be weary of fast evolving applied science be referred to as Luddites, this is untrue and grossly inaccurate for the Luddites (circa 1800s) were wreaking but uneducated large number who destroyed all(a) symbols of advancing engineering science.Nobel laureate Wassily Leontief, who gave the key none speech for the National Academy of engineering science at its 1983 symposium The Long-Term Impact of engineering on booking and Un habit, quarternot both(prenominal)what be called a Luddite, yet he expressed concern near what he saw as technological advancements undesirable distributional cause across income groups (Mabry Sharplin 1986)The complex body part sedulousness is slowly eliminating assembly lines that be human-sensitive. Jobs that antecedently neces sitate a strong human presence can right away be through off- send (precast) and brought to site just to assemble. The jobs argon becoming humiliate skilled and routine. With this in mind, one would think that there would be more jobs realised but the opposite happens, jobs reckon to be eroding.The implementation of new engineering offers the companies a competitive edge eitherplace their rivals at the cost of jobs. In social dust, efficiency is very important. Delays in time mean penalties and this requires more money.redundance caused by advancements in technology has been happening in the automotive fabrication where mechanisms realize rendered the jobs of some(prenominal) another(prenominal) humans obsolete and give remaining some fastening bolts for eight hours a day. In the construction industry, though you get out not find a machine laying bricks, there be other materials that ar being educateed to render using bricks and barricades outdated. aluminum bea ms and columns are now de-rigueur in architectural circles and this willing not reappearance long at all to catch up with the industry and it will just be a matter of time before construction gangs of fifty will shrink to ten because of cranes doing all the heavy lifting and thus ten men just fastening bolts.Technological advancement, in itself, is an singularity of development in any country. Said advancement should not bar the growth of the country by creating a pauperisation trap. A exploitation country has a few defining characteristics, defined below majority living below the poverty lineEx-colonySubject to stinting inconsistencyInequality in the consummationing environmentAs technology advances except and come along it hinders growth through promoting the utilizing methods that arent human-sensitive.Chapter 2The role of second Africas tale2.1 HistoryColonialism played a role in the current problems entropy Africa faces. To understand how technology collide wit hs employment, we use up to pitch a clearer understanding of how we got to where we are from a developmental point of view. Colonisers occupied the country and divided the country geographically to make it more manageable. They then certain urban center centres and these city centres became economic hubs in their regions. During the 1886 Witwatersrand Gold Rush, employment was take a shitd for the natives. Many natives remaining their homelands to hold up in the Gauteng mines. The cities keep mum to the mines kept flourishing as there became a need for other industries to support the influx of natives and wealthy mine averers to the minelaying cities. The homelands remained underdeveloped. Many decades later, agrarian champaigns are unchanging underdeveloped and creating employment in those areas is hard because there are very few economic development initiatives.2.1.1 Migration to the cities.As aforementioned, the movement of some(prenominal) natives from their homela nds for employment in the mining cities left over(p) numerous homelands underdeveloped. The lure of employment opportunities in a quickly developing country proved to be problematic. W.W Rostow (circa 1960), cited by Utting (2011 Development Management IV Course Notes 189190) discussed the modernization theories of development. The underlying principle of this modernization theory was that economic development was integral to the overall development of any society. Economic development is entropy Africa witnessmed to be happening in the mining cities just and not in the farming(prenominal) areas.2.1.2 Consequence of migration.As men left to work in the cities, they left their families at home. Families that were uneducated and had no other agent of income and aroundly make a living through farming. Formal teaching was, and for the most part is just a fallacy to deal living in verdant areas. This is creating a problem because on one pass along low-skill level jobs are bei ng automated, on the other hand you fork up many pile from the boorish areas coming in with little-to-no education feel for employment. This contributes to creating what is termed a poverty trap.2.1.3 Previously Disadvantaged IndividualsPeople of colour were crush during the unjust reign of apartheid which officially began in the election of 1948 and lasted until 1994. In that time, people of colour were oppressed in every way imaginable. The end of apartheid brought roughly great elation and spelled the end of an oppressive regime, we also adopted many problems from there. For instance, the problem of unemployment. A complex issue that has no oneness solution. The previously disadvantaged individuals, i.e. people of colour in South Africa, are now trying to keep-up with the developed world. The issue is the means that are taken to develop South Africa further. The methods which utilize an excess of technology will widen the flutter amongst the rich and poor. The previously disadvantaged will be left destitute and with very few opportunities to develop themselves let alone along with the country.2.1.4 Addressing the issue of inequalityGovernment implemented Black Economic authorisation (BEE), which has now become B driveway Based Black Economic sanction (BBBEE), to facilitate the development of PDIs. Government also put a indemnity in place that was set to address inequalities in the workplace by giving construction companies a BEE status. This meant that a certain portion of the workforce had to be composed of PDI. This, of course, is a step in the right path towards addressing inequalities in the workplace.An overwhelmed GovernmentDecades after the 1886 Gold Rush, present Government still feel the effects of portion migration to the cities. Change of political regime brought close new challenges for Government. The two most importantCreating Jobs Job creation isnt oddly the responsibility of Government. They are supposed to create an enviro nment that supports and promotes job creation. Presently, graduates hurl the majority of the un busy in South Africa. Homelands are still under-developed and this doesnt seem to be changing. Policies to address the unemployment and subsequent poverty problem in cracker-barrel areas are addressed by issuing policies. The problem with policies is they are therapeutic, generic wine and do not address the problem of each rural area on a case by case basis. Another problem with policies is that they are developed by people who do so remotely so they do not know the actual problem, on the ground. satis factory Housing Housing has is a problem especially in towns environ big cities like Durban and Johannesburg. The RDP broadcast was developed for this purpose. Independent contractors pettish and word form the house. Unfortunately, many contractors dont fulfil their obligation. The problem doesnt get better and we see rampageous service delivery protests. The tender process in itself is heavily damage and damage by political interference and corruption.2.2.1 Failure to create jobs.As aforementioned, the current Government is struggling to create job or sort of failing to create an environment that promotes job creation. According to the World trust (2011), Local Economic Development ( conduct) refers to the realizeive efforts mingled with Government and non- governmental institutions to create an environment that is conducive to both economic growth and employment. In essence, LED provides the community ways to improve their endangerments of getting investment from external sources and their own backup environment. The aim is to create a better life for all. hoidenish communities dont train much of this happening and the focus needs to move towards decentralization.The stringency of rural development policy makers in urban areas is also to the scathe of rural areas. The sheer distance leads to misappropriation of funds and resources and this keeps t he rural areas underdeveloped. top-down centralized policies rarely accomplish their goals because the policy makers arent anchored in the rural veracity on the ground (International Labour place 2012)2.2.2 Critical analysis of the tender processThe tender process was initially meant to open up opportunities for people of colour to enter the world of business and trade. Unfortunately, the tender process is marred by corruption and political interference and this in counter-productive and robs the people it was meant to assistant in the first place.The process begins by realising a need for a service in a particular community and then station that particular project out to tender with various contractors who then send back their estimates of how much it would cost to build the demand base of operations. The corruption begins when the tenderers scoop bribing officials to give them the contract. Too often the contractors themselves are incompetent and end up breaching contracts. The reason for their incompetency can be credited to the lack of knowledge. most(prenominal) new contractors have no formal cultivation and make very few attempts at getting adequate educational activity and the cycle keeps on going.The process itself is not flawed the issue is with monitoring it. There isnt an separate body that monitors the tendering process and this leads to corruption and moves back as a nation. Monitoring, or lack thereof, is not the primary solution to corruption because corruption is familiar in all developing countries.Chapter 3 Basic education and trainingLack of a proper educational framework in rural areasBantu Education was open to give people of colour the most basic education. A means to create more muscle for the machine that was apartheid. The structure was such(prenominal) that skills development formed part of the school curriculum. Students who left the institution of Bantu Education left with skills and could go start tone for work immedi ately after. Universities were reserved for Whites only.In rural areas however, school substructure was few and far in between. As South Africa developed and established itself as a source of mineral wealth many go into the urban areas (See, Chapter 1) and left the rural areas as they were. Rural areas dont have any economic development, chances for employment are slim. dismantle if businesses are encouraged, their longevity is combust short because there is no Local Economic Development.Schools in rural areas do not, to this day, receive adequate resources to teach. School buildings are of mud elude construction. The chaos that arises from there can only be imagined when the rainy conciliate starts. The education system in South Africa is not at its most stellar as we saw during the Limpompo Textbook Fiasco (M. Madia, 2012).This in construction creates problems when the students produced from rural schools are thrust into a society that demands a dear(p) knowledge of techno logy and pliable minds. The students, coming from a background with no knowledge of computers and the like will end up looking for employment that requires a low-skill level.On the other end of the spectrum, employers are looking for ways to increase productivity without affecting lollys. On a building site, having cover delivered, as opposed to mixing it on site, saves time and consequently saves money.Lower-skill jobs are slowly becoming redundant and the education system in rural areas isnt keeping up with the demand for technology savvy candidates. As a result, a cesspool of unemployment and everything it carries many other social problems such as crime and corruption. Desperation can kill you.Language barriers (machinery use)Communication is demand on site for all operations to continue. The language barrier between employer and employee makes the employee less desirable for employment. Employees from rural areas are often not hygienic versed in languages either than their h ome-language.Similarly with machinery use, employers wouldnt employ someone with a minimal understanding of the language of instruction. Besides that being a haleness and safety hazard, it wouldnt be beneficial and training would take longer than it should.Misunderstandings on site (machinery use)Any sort of misunderstanding on site has a financial repercussion. With this in mind, employers avoid workers with little-to-no understanding of the language of instruction.There is a clear disconnectednession between the education department in rural areas and the required calibre of graduates. This in turn leads to students coming from that system to be left behind. When that happens and the very students are put into a system that requires a certain level of knowledge, knowledge that they lack. Subsequently, these people bear the grunt of job displacement due to the introduction of technology and/or automation.Chapter 4 Methods of constructionThe manner in which construction projects a re carried out has changed dramatically. Change is constant and will not stop as humans develop further and further. From the times of the great Pharaohs, where heavy materials were rolled on logs, to present day where heavy materials are hauled into the air with cranes.4.1 Evolution of MethodsTraditional construction was of mass concrete. The older buildings like the Durban Station were of mass concrete and required many labourers to set up shutters, mixing concrete and pouring. Mixing of concrete was done on site. Technological advancements moved towards using central concrete depots and having concrete delivered to site. The purpose of technological advancement is to increase production spell utilizing the to the lowest degree amount of resources. To a very large extent it is good, the problem begins when technology advances at the cost of peoples jobs.Project send offningProject cookery has become more streamlined and can be managed by a single soul as opposed to be an ent ire team. Project readiness in South Africa has attracted a great amount of attention over the past few years because of its association with infrastructure. As South Africa develops further, infrastructure will be required. Many construction projects are complex and required teams to manage them, over time computer programmes were developed and managing large projects became easier.Technology has afforded us the opportunity to much with very little resources. It has also created a situation where those who do not adopt are left behind. This is well and good in a developed state but South Africa is a developing country with a 25% unemployment rate and laborious to grow as more and more technology is being introduced into the industry. The industry itself will do better, productivity will increase but many people will be permanently displaced, in terms of employment.The planning of projects will eventually be handled by a single person using a computer programme. The availability o f jobs will decrease as companies need fewer people to run successful projects.Chapter 5 mental synthesis MaterialsBuilding materials arent exempt from advancements. There has been a movement from mass concrete, to brick and block and now we are in the age of marque and glass construction. The movement from one age to the next has an adverse effect on employment. Presently, steel and glass construction needs just a few men and a crane. A shift in the paradigm of construction.Lighter Materials. device materials have gotten igniter while retaining their strength. Materials like fibreboard are now common place in offices.Even materials that always were the heaviest, like concrete, have had their share of technological advancement. Air-infiltrated concrete is lighter than conventional concrete. The secret is in the air bubbles that are trapped within the concrete that make it lighter while making it a bit easier to work with. This particular pillowcase of concrete is strong enough to take the loads of conventional concrete but can also be used as a cantilever slab (with reinforcing).Precast Items.With the paradigm shift of construction materials, precast items are becoming more common. From lintels in residential construction to entire bag slabs in commercial property. A shift that has brought about increased productivity. cover pouring and curing is the most time consuming exercise on site and having that time saved means saving money too.The problem, again, with such an advancement is how it affects employment. Concrete mixing, as a low-skill level job, employed preferably a few labourers (proportional to size of project) and with concrete mixing being withdraw from equation, many are left out of work.The biggest hurdle is the lack of training initiatives for workers that have been displaced due to automation. They are left unemployed and unemployment leads to other social problems.Chapter 6 GlobalisationAccording to the Education and Training Unit of So uth Africa (2012), world(prenominal)ization refers to the changes in technological, political and economic that make the world different in its functioning to the way it was twenty or thirty years ago. The check of globalisations can be seen in the emergence of giant corporations with branches all over the world.Globalisation forces developing nations to adjust their structures in order to match those of the developed nations. both this to help developing nations secure loans to help their flailing economies.BusinessDictionary.com refers to globalisation as a movement towards integration of many aspects of trade. In the same vein, they go on to say that globalisation exists weaker economies when applied discriminately.Keeping up with the world.Even though South Africa has mineral wealth, it is still an emerging economy. The reason for this is the compound history of South Africa (Refer to Chapter 2). The outside(a) markets play a role in how development in South Africa is imple mented. This is where politics come into play.P. Kingsworth in his clause Globalisation of South Africa describes the conditions under which the fate of common South Africans would be controlled by international markets. After the failure of the Reconstruction Development Plan (RDP) in 1996, the Growth Employment and Redistribution program (GEAR) was set-up to take its place.The difference between GEAR and RDP was that where RDP promised free basic services, GEAR privatised utilities and would bill all users. whatever of these users live below the poverty line. Rapid advancements in technology threaten jobs and yet the poorest of the poor must still pay for services.Global trends to employers.To employers, global trends dictate how they should react to the current market. Technological advancements give them an edge of the opposite word and that edge equals more profit. As crude as it may seem, profit is the bottom-line to most, if not all, employers.Globalisation has afforded e mployers a chance to compete on an international scale. Increased connectivity with international markets offers them the option of showcasing their services overseas. In order to be able to satisfy international demand, they need to automate systems. That is a factor that leads to job loss.Chapter 7 Technology Computer ProgrammesWith globalisation burning gamey at the heels of a developing South Africa, computer programmes come as part of the globalisation package. It was an inevitable move and one that was greatly take in terms of development.Computer programmes dont directly affect low-skill employees, its a challenge that will face those that havent been introduced to computer programmes in University. Again, the highlight of the clear disconnect between the industry and the education system. Many graduates fall into the chasm unbeknown to them, with very little help from the industry and Universities.CCS For contractorsCCS or the Candy system is a computer programme that is specifically aimed at making the job of a contractor manageable. A contractor with many projects going on at the same time will need a computer programme that will integrate forecasting, estimating, valuations and project planning. The design of the Candy system is such that it can be understood by anyone with a knowledge of construction. putrefaction has created a distorted view of contractors. It is a general view that many contractors cannot manage projects and therefore cannot control funds. Quantity surveyors are usually employed to help them control funds for contractors. Programmes like CCS have now effrontery smaller contractors with the option of being able to control their own projects and therefore their own funds without needing a beat surveyor to do the work for them.WinQS for maestro Quantity SurveyorsWinQS is a programme designed more for professional quantity surveyors as it offers an in-depth interface that will require a quantity canvas background. WinQS can pr oduce complete bills of quantities because it has JBCC contracts within the programme itself. On a consultation with Steve Naidoo (2012 August 5th), he explained the great help that came with the introduction of computers. Doing bills on chart paper and having to transport them great distances, as opposed to emailing, has made work a lot easier.Consulting firms will employ the use of WinQs more widely. A alliance that employed many quantity surveyors will need fewer with the introduction of such programmes. The results of automation are clear in South Africa. People are losing jobs and not enough is being doing to move on small enterprises. What is being done is being overshadowed by corruption while the fate of South Africas youth dangles helplessly in the face of poverty and a host of other social problems.Chapter 8 Case StudiesI have selected two cases that I felt were relevant to highlight my growing concerns about the problems that come with technological advances. I cannot d eny the great leaps we have taken with the help of technology. The problem is how these leaps tend to take developing nations back a few travel, especially when coupled with international pressure (via Globalisation, see Chapter 6).The first example highlights the advantages offered by technology and its advancements, it also highlights the change and how it would affect a developing nation.The Ark Hotel, ChinaThe Broad Group, a construction company ground in China, was able to build a 30 spirit level building in just 15 days. The fastest construction of a hotel. What was amazing was how there were zero injuries. The hotel itself was designed and built to withstand an quake with a magnitude of 9 on the Richter scale.Building materials were all prefabricated and brought to site to be assembled. This could be the secret to their Super-fast power as it was dubbed in the British DailyMail (2012). The movement to precast and prefabricated materials is as inevitable as the first move of a well-informed toddler. South Africa, as the toddler, is expected to start ravel before it knows how to walk.The Ark Hotel, was built like a structure made of Legos. All the pieces were made and fabricated off-site and brought to site to be assembled by a few specialists and a crane.Construction like this in a developing nation could cripple it. In countries where the construction industry employs the most people, a move towards using prefabricated material could be disastrous not only in the short-term but in the long-term too.Sanrals E-TollSanral has undertaken to build open-road tolling for road users in Gauteng. The network will be 560kms covering 34 of Gautengs busiest interchanges the most infamous being Allandale, William Nicol, Rivonia and Elands.The reason that E-Tolling was introduced is to fund the improvements of roads. The tolling will be based on a user-pay system. It will become necessary to get an E-Tag for the motor vehicle that will be transporting passenge rs and every month a instruction will arrive at your doorstep, detailing your daily commute through the several tolls on your way to your destination.This system could be rolled out throughout the entire country. According to Sanral (2012), only 19% of the countries roads are tolled roads, the remaining 81% arent tolled roads. The reality is that the money that is made from the tolled roads is stingy to perform maintenance on roads.The system will be unman and thus starts the problem. The people that were employed will now be jobless as tolls will no longer need people to collect monies. This is yet another example of how technology is making people redundant. oneness cannot help but be in awe of the great technological leap, the same technological leap is at the same time robbing people of jobs and yet again bring the problem of unemployment to the fore.Chapter 9 ResolutionIn cases like these were it is one power reigning supreme over a nation, a solution cannot be employed. Res olutions can however be offered. These suggestions are subject to reviewing and adjustment.Using human-sensitive methods on site that dont rely heavily on the use of machinery.The human resource is abundant and renewable. Employers in South Africa ought to be looking into using this readily purchasable resource. It may be argued that machines do not take sick-days, thats acceptable but machines will not be the ones using your project upon completion. We are creating a society we cannot afford. 25% of the state is unemployed and as more technology is being introduced more people will lose their jobs in favour of automated systems.Site work can be carried out by labourers instead of machines. Simple tasks like batch concrete mixing can be carried out by labour instead of machines and be delivered to site.The problem is not one dimensional for instance, a contractor has a need to keep a healthy stream of work coming in because of the corrupt nature of the construction industry where certain parties are earmarked for jobs. In cases like this, the contractor will be trying to turn a profit on every job and one way of doing that is by always completing jobs on time, he does this by having a smaller team that uses specialist technology to help complete jobs quickly and usually under-budget. He keeps his business afloat(predicate) and doesnt employ many.Government regulation.*The dilemma facing South Africa is the corrupt nature of our leaders. Technology provides a higher level of production while neglecting the steps taken to reach that level of productivity. Technology renders humans redundant and government is aware but is benefitting through the use of technology. Technology entrenches the divisions of the past by keeping the privileged employed and the rest of the country in close proximity of poverty. Perhaps, the only difference between present day and apartheid is that those who can adapt and use technology stand a better chance of being employed over thos e that very little knowledge of technology and the way in which it works. Unfortunately, those that have a limited knowledge of technology form the majority of the countrys population.The onus is therefore on Government to make up ones mind how technology is introduced and implemented in the construction industry in South Africa before we are faced with a situation where the poor have nothing to eat but the rich.Training of people and subsequent employmentThe best way to get a better workforce is by training them. During Apartheid, skills-training was a part of the school curriculum. That aspect of the curriculum must come back to address South Africas skills shortage.The only difference is the training will be for specific industries. Science and technology, research and development, medicine and engineering are fields that require younger thinkers. It seems like our education system is amassing an army of entrepreneurs that have no idea of how to manage their businesses. Small bu siness fail because of mismanagement.The use of people as a resource can also be seen as a technological advancement because with enough training, efficient ways of carrying tasks out are inevitable.Addendum 1 living documentationAddendum 2 BibliographyEducation and Training Unit of South Africa 2012 Understanding Globalisation (Online) easy at www.etu.org.za Accessed 26 August 2012Kingsnorth, P 2004 The globalisation of South Africa (Online) gettable at uk.oneworld.net Accessed 26 August 2012Mackenzie, C 2012 Theyre now a super-fast power How the Chinese built a 30 storey hotel from scratch in just fifteen days (Online) uncommitted at www.dailymail.co.uk Accessed 27 August 2012Sabol, L 2007 Technology, Change, and the building industry (Online) available at http//www.dcstrategies.net/files/2_sabol_technology_change.pdf Accessed 27 August 2012Mabry, R. H, Sharplin, A. D 1986 Does more technology create unemployment? (Online) available at http//www.cato.org/publications/policy- analysis/does-more-technology-create-unemployment Accessed 24 August 2012International Labour Office 2012 Boosting Local Economies in rural areas (Online) available at www.ilo.org/led Accessed 15 August 2012European Science Technology Observatory 2002 Impact of technological structural change on employment prospective analysis 2020 (Online) available at http//www.mcrit.com/espon_scenarios/files/DOCUMENTS/eur20258en.pdf Accessed 18 August 2012Kletzer, L. G 1998 Job Displacement (Pages 115-136) (Online) available at http//www.jstor.org Accessed 10 August 2012Talbot, D 2012 Tectonic Shifts in Employment (Online) available http//www.technologyreview.com Accessed 12 August 2012Moavenzadeh, Fred, Koch Rossow, J. A 1975 The construction in

The Tragic Vulnerability Of Othello English Literature Essay

The Tragic pic Of Othello English Literature EssayA sad dishonor is define as a flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings sorrow or death to the protagonist. Throughout history, weve line upn key pillowcases of sad heroes such as Dr Faustus, Oedipus and Richard III. Shakespe ar in item has divulgemed to find the way to symbolize what a sad hero is as Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic photo of love for a nonher. If we regard Othello as a true tragic hero however, the outcome of the play is non his deformity because he is obviously fated to suffer. If we look at Othello not as a tragic hero, however, as a human, although he murders his wife, he is not to blame because he is influenced heavily by the manipulative Iago and Roderigo, indeed, Othellos d knowledge oarlock was not a importee of his own actions only due to circumstances beyond his control.The characteristics of a tragic hero are explained by Aristotle who secerns that the re are four things which pick out to happen in order for a character to be considered a tragic hero. Firstly, there is peripateia, this is a fire fall from saving grace to adversity the second is hamartia which is a fatal or tragic flaw in the hero anagnorisis, which is the recognition of the heros mistakes and faults, and finally catharsis, which is when tension is finally released and the subscriber feels no negative emotions towards the hero. There are two critics in particular who debate whether or not Othello can be considered a tragic hero. The first of these critics is A.C. Bradley who intends that Othello is integrity of the greatest tragic heroes of all time. The second is F.R Leavis who believes that Othello doesnt particularise for true hero view. However, both Bradley and Leavis agree that Othello doesnt reach a state of peripateia but for different reasons. Bradley states that The Othello of the fourth act is Othello during his downfall. His fall is never compl ete but his grandeur ashes undiminished. This shows us that Bradley believes that Othellos downfall is never sincerely complete, but, he retains his nobility and honour. We overly know that Othello was taken from Royal broth to become a slave. Surely thats a greater fall from grace? Leavis argues that Othello is simply aware of his nobility and therefore lacks the true requirements of a baronial hero. He has discovered his mistake but there is no tragic self-discovery Bradley seems to develop the better point in this instance Othello doesnt suffer a fall from grace at the end of the play and his reputation remains almost intact therefore it does not meet the criteria of a tragic hero, thus, meaning that Othello isnt fated to suffer because he isnt a tragic hero.It is incredibly easy to suggest that Othellos downfall is that of his own doing. First and foremost he is not a tragic hero and therefore he controls his own fate. Much like other protagonists in other tragedies, his own actions pull to his eventual downfall. Much like the character of Dr Faustus, Faustus commits his own mistakes and it is his hamartia that leads to his fall and eventual death. Othellos hamartia is his desirousy. However, despite having this hamartia throughout the play we see numerous instances of characters in Othello such as Roderigo and Iago influencing Othello to make the mistakes that he does. We see a number of instances of the two characters whispering in Othellos ear in order to stir raw jealousy inside of him as they are aware that it is his weakness by exploiting it, this will lead to his demise. We learn throughout the play that Iago is trying to cause Othellos fall from grace and so wile him into believing that Desdemona is having an affair. Although ultimately yes, Othello does give into his hamartia, he cannot be blamed because were it not for the influence of Iago and Roderigo, he would have not murdered his wife. Therefore, Othellos downfall is a effect of t he actions of those just about him.Iago is a type of character known as a machiaval, a character that takes the teachings of the philosopher Machiavelli to the nth degree. Iago can be considered an cistron of fate, sent to doom Othello. If we take this stance, it is evident that Othellos downfall was a consequence of the events out of his control. Iagos entire scheme begins when the ignorant, ill-suited Cassio is given the position that he desires. Iago feels as though it is he who deserves that position and is in turn, consumed with jealousy. Iago shows true acts of amorality throughout the play. As he deceives, steals and murders to gain that position. Iagos amorality is apparent throughout the entire play and is tell repeatedly. One of the first instances of this is where Iago himself states to Roderigo I follow him to serve my turn upon him. This shows us that simply, Iago does not respect nor does he care for Othello immediately showing us his villainy. In almost every scen e in which Iago speaks, we know that legerdemain is present. In the opening scene for example, Iago displays characteristics that will show his pivotal type in the tragedy of Othello. Iago proudly boasts that I am not what I am. Although at time of speaking, this was simply to convince Roderigo that Iago simply feigns alliance to Othello, the deeper meaning of those wrangle soon become apparent to us as an audience. Iago practices hoax whenever it is required. When Othello comes to Iago suspecting the betrayal of Desdemona, Iago does secondary but fuel the flames of mistrustIago Nay, this was but his dream.Othello moreover this denoted a foregone conclusion.Iago Tis a shrewd disbelieve, though it be but a dream,And this may help to thicken other proofs,That do demonstrate thinly.In this example, Othello believes that Cassio has been having lustful dreams about his wife Desdemona. Othello believes that this is simply a bet of time (foregone conclusion) showing us that Iagos ma nipulation of Othello has worked successfully. This shows us that Iago is simply position doubts and jealousy in Othellos mind. Iagos villainy is only proven further when again, Iago does little but place the doubts in Othellos mind that his beloved Desdemona is being untrustyIago O, beware, my lord, of jealousyIt is the green-eyd monster, which doth mockThe meat it feeds onWho dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly lovesIagos basic idea is that the fortunate man knows his wife his cheating the ill-starred man only suspects and is therefore trapped between love and trust. here(predicate) again, Iago is very evidently exploiting Othellos hamartia. Iago is pure and simply amoral. He has no business about deceiving those close to him and deceiving for his own personal gain. It is apparent also that Iago is jealous of Othello. He seems to believe that because Othello is black, he doesnt deserve his place in the Venetian army in fact, he repeatedly refers to Othello as moor. Thi s suggests a fastening on the fact that Othello is black. Because of this, Iago believes he should not hold his high status within the army. Initially, Iagos repeated descriptions of Othello lead us to form a nauseate towards him as a character. In one instance, Othello is described as lascivious leading us as readers to associate lustful and lecherous connotations with Othello. We believe that he has in a way taken Desdemona by force. Othello is also described as an old, black, rutting ram again lead us as readers to form sexual and territorial connotations of Othello. The use of rather violent words leads the reader to believe that Othello himself is violent. However, we soon realise that Iago isnt in fact salutary Iago as Othello believes him to be. Iago is used by Shakespeare as a vehicle for the story, he is needed to further the events and lead the play to the outcome it reaches. Were it not for Iago, the doubt and jealousy would not have been put in Othellos mind, he woul d have not given into his jealousy had Iago not repeatedly manipulated and lied, the play would not have reached the same outcome. The fact that Iago is so prominently and obviously deceiving those around him proves to the reader that Othellos downfall was not a consequence of his own actions, but a consequence of the events around him.In conclusion, it is not Othellos own fault that he suffers a downfall, it is the actions of the people and the events around him that cause the play to arise the way it does. However, I believe that Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic vulnerability because through love of another in the form of his wife Desdemona, he suffered the fate of having to live with the guilt that he murdered his wife because of a lie leading to Othellos eventual death. Othellos death is the tragic result of one mans love for his wife. It is Iagos fault that the play ends in the way it does because of his manipulation of events and characters therefore he can be he ld accountable for Othellos fall from Grace. Othello is the perfect example of mans tragic vulnerability and it is the events around him that cause his downfall.

Facebook Organisational Culture Case Study

Facebook Organisational goal Case StudyManagers with abstract skills argon able to see the establishment as a whole, conceptualize about abstract and complex situations and to assert strategic eachy (Robbins Coulter 2005). With reference to Forbes Magazine, abrasion Zuckerberg, the creator of marvel Facebook and 1 of the youngest billionaire yet, contrisolelyes the ability of vast conceptual skills. Zuckerberg has the ability to think critically and final ca go for for long term. For example, he is able to see the potential of success by using the Internet to connect with slew to a greater extent effectively. Therefore, he created Facebook at 2004 and at a time it becomes the largest amicable net operative site with billions of users worldwide. Moreover, Zuckerberg carries out his portion as anguish handler with the combination of conceptual skill to solve the difficulties. For instance, he authoritative criticize from users when Facebook introduced new-fangled featu res and issues about cover. However, Zuckerberg resolve these problems appropriately and continue to be given the company successfully. Although Zuckerberg made mistakes in purpose making, most of the people guessd that he lead the potential to improve his conceptual skill and consequently work Facebook to upper level of achievement.As the CEO of Facebook, Zuckerberg simulated military operations multiple roles in managing the organization. Directing, training, need and organizing subordinates, supervising their improvement, promoting and reassuring their development are the duties required from the role of attr exercise (LMC 2008). As a leader, Zuckerberg is skilled in making clear decision and limiting unwanted debate. Employees are allowed to recommend various solutions and gain familiarity on possible problems solved by him. Employees are encouraged to fight with his thought on projects to find a better solution (Bosworth 2010). Zuckerberg plays a good leader role by adapting in the human skills and conceptual skills.Next role that he is acting on is resource allocator, which carries the righteousness related to resources allocation of the organization among all concerned people or department. It involves bud deriveing, scheduling, allocation of duty to subordinates and authorization. From time to time, Zuckerberg has been scheduling for the f8 platform which is the bid dis cathexis in Facebook. There is three f8 in total in which the beginning(a) one occuring on May 24th, 2007, second one geting on July 23rd, 2008 and consequently the third one happening on April 21-22 in 2010. During this period, the energetic user had profit tremendously.Figurehead role involves handling ceremonial and symbolical activities for the department or organization (Daft 2010). Mark Zuckerberg has successfully carried out the role of figurehead in Web 2.0 global fond networking trend. For example, Zuckerberg discusses hiring the right people and challenges o f an entrepreneur in the lectures on Entrepreneurship for Stanford University students on October 26, 2005 (Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders verbalize 2005). Furthermore, Zuckerberg planned to set up a foundation with $100 million of Facebooks closely held stock to the Newark Public Schools in New Jersey (Martinez Fowler 2010). His good-hearted donation has helped to improve Facebook image. The figurehead role played by Zuckerberg has enabled him to get more attention than Googles co- male parent, Larry Page and Sergey Brin.In general Mark Zuckerberg use a great skill of conceptual skills and plays extensive character in all informational, interpersonal and decisional roles in the Facebook which allows and licks it to be the jumper cable fond media today.Q2)The only thing that would non transform in the world is the world is unploughed on changing. The external organizational environment is the elements happen outside of its limitation and may affect the growth of the orga nization. Figure 1 shows that Facebooks number of users is plain more than its competitor, Twitter. Although Facebook currently rank as the top social networking sites, they slake have to persist in innovating to hold on the honor.From the dimension of legal-political, Facebook created an fortune that encourages users to share information online for the purpose of communication and business transactions. Unfortunately, it is besides a threat that causes Facebook confronts disputation on privacy issue once pharos is launched. Beacon is a platform which takes data from 44 web destinations and conflate with Facebooks internal information for the purpose of advertising. It allowed third parties site be stick on on the wall of the users profile. It can also track everything people make online point they had logout from Facebook and despite who is using the computer. Regarding to this issue, umpteen investigations have been carried out by security researcher Wednesday, Canadian privacy commissioner, Press coverage and European Commission. There is more than 100 million users personal information being used or spread out to the ordinary without users authorization. This issue is not just about data leakage for user but also for developers and marketers who uses Facebook to operate their business. To pacify this issue, Facebook paid $9.5 million settlement to a chassis action lawsuit and it is being approved (Kravets 2010). Under the settlement, Facebook agreed to able fire Beaon platform started from November 2009. Facebook should provide a more user friendly privacy settings for the user to avoid the issue above to happen again.For international and sociocultural dimension, Table 1(pg) indicates that the number of users in USA is surprisingly high and owns the counterbalance place in the ranking. Although mainland China and India has the largest population in the world but India only owns the fifth place. However, Table 2 (pg) indicates that a month later, India is the leading country which owns the highest audience growth rate. Reason for China did not bet in the ranking is Facebook is being censored by China since 2009. vaticination made by Daft said that China will trip up United State economy as number one by midcentury (Daft 2010, p.66). Unfortunately, China banned Facebook bring down a lot accommodation in China Mainland population which is about 1,330,141,295 (CIA World Factbook, Jan 2011) and opportunities to generate profit. China government always being tight to the access of internet, information rise and media banned Facebook because of the fatal riots happen in western region of Xinjiang in province of China. Perhaps they believe that such an action will stomach the reports or discussions of the riots or stop them from happening completely. Recent news inform that, Mark Zuckerberg still wanted to get connected to China and is now creating some localized version of site to fit Chinas government and commit to launch it in China.Therefore, every organization should be prepared to respond to subtle environment shifts and adapt to various challenges environment that are more and more dynamic. Facebook had tried their best to grapple with challenges like settlement of privacy issues and hindrance with China. After conquering the challenges, Facebook is now one step nearer to its mission to connect the whole world.Q3)Ravasi and Schultz (2006) define organisation nuance as a set of shared mental assumptions that guide organisation understanding and action by defining appropriate behaviour for various situations.In the past, power structure of management is vital for a corporate. However, CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg has created a relaxed, amorphous and open corporate culture that emphasizes more on equality (Boissonneau 2011). At Facebook, there are no cubicles, no walls, just mainly federal agency furniture. This enables employees to work in a relaxed environment as they have more em ployee freedom with no standard work schedules. Furthermore, Facebooks passenger vehicles also practice this working environment. Sheryl Sandberg, Facebooks Chief Operating Officer, and even Zuckerberg himself has no office. They work among the employees in the open workspace that could enhance openness and problem solving process. Every Friday, Zuckerberg holds a public question-and-answer session for an hour for the entire organisation. The openness created by this session, according to Zuckerberg, encourages collaboration, team-work and an free-and-easy atmosphere and communication among organisation.Facebook is ballooning into an empire, but it remains shabby, funky and slenderly adorable. That is partly attributable to a workplace that combines playful start-up culture with brawny ambition and bite. Facebooks goal is to be viewed as a hip character culture in order to attract the best talent (Finch 2011). Zuckerberg is prudent for the foundations of this culture, creating a fun environment by knocking a ships bell when someone finishes a big coding project. Facebook even hired well-known(a) graffiti artist David Choe to paint murals in its first offices. According to Yiannopoulos, theres a block of Facebooks wreaking rooms named afterward inventors, with one given to Al Gore, who invented the internet (2011). Facebook uses adaptability culture to interpret and respond quickly to the high-risk decision-making and rapid alteration environment. Besides, Facebook adapts involvement culture that emphasizes employees needs and responses towards environment changes. Facebook is creating an intrinsically social culture, rather than enterprise software or geeky, engineer-driven algorithms. At Facebook, the employees can play video or table tennis games whenever they need to unwind on the job. This fun working environment has increased employees job gratification. Job satisfaction is the primary factor in intrinsic motivation. Therefore, due to the corp orate culture recognized by Zuckerberg, Facebook employees are satisfied with their jobs and as a number do their jobs well and raise the productivity of Facebook.Facebooks slogan is Facebook is a social utility that connects you with the people around you. This slogan explains slightly about the social platform. Facebook has taken a very practical standpoint on providing a social network by created a framework and are expecting users to do most of the work.Facebook internal environment changes when Zuckerberg brought on Sheryl Sandberg, a respected decision maker from Google in March 2008. Besides, Zuckerberg is unstrained to take risks by hired Chris Cox, who was level school dropout as Facebook HR manager. Organisational hierarchy was generally indicated through the charge of suit. However, Zuckerberg has changed this culture by still wears T-shirts, jeans and Adidas flip-flops to work just as he did in 2004, when he co-founded Facebook at age 19 (Deneen 2011).Mark Zuckerber g shows intensity level as a cultural leader for Facebook by able and willing to take the risks in hiring the executives for the company and motivate employees to achieve Facebooks goals by open up a comfortable, amusing and unstructured corporate culture.Q4)As time passed, many professions developed several management theories as a guide for manager to run the organization. There are Classical Perspective, which occurred during nineteenth and early twenty, guidance Science Perspective, which emerged during World War Two, Recent Historical Trend which happen after the World War Two and Modern Management which combine all contrary theories. Today business world required different management thinking and theory to fits in different industries and achieve organisational goals (Sridhar n.d). Facebook is the new trend in twenty-first century, which manage and lead by the founder name Mark Zuckerberg.Humanistic perspective was conducted by Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard. They believe that manager need to first value peoples feelings, needs, thoughts and social relations (Daft 2010). Mark Zuckerberg had this management thinking of creating a social network that allowed people all over the world to engage which each other and get updates even faster. Besides, Zuckerberg also adapting this theory to his employees by providing those free meals along the day, bottomless find foods and unrestricted dry cleaning service. He allowed subordinates to express themselves, motivate them to have the same goals as the organisations goals by giving opinions on improvement of the organisation. He claims that an office is only a place to gather people to flair storming to generate profits and human are the most important resources for the organisation. Therefore, he design his headquarter with no wall between departments, and meeting rooms are located at the middle of work space separated by glass walls so everyone can see through the meetings.Besides, a news report u nder A Theory of Human Motivation of Abraham Maslow theories claims that people are influenced by several needs in pyramid order (Kendra n.d). Zuckerberg has accomplish three levels of need for employees by providing employees free meals and considerable income to satisfied material needs, allowing them to disclose their thoughts and opinions, appreciate them contribute many ideas and plans to run the business. This will increase employees esteem needs and belief that they are the proper source in helping make the world improve, and Zuckerberg will somehow challenge employees to meet certain goals (Bosworth 2010). This theory will increase organisation growth and acknowledges employees to take on their self-actualization needs. But, it required more psychological thinking from Zuckerberg, takes time for him to observe employees personalities and make organisation goals as part of their interest goals.Learning organisation is a modern theory which allows people not afraid to make mistakes and try for they can learn from the mistakes. It allows managers to raise the capability to discover and grow (Senge 19903). When Facebook transaction with the mistakes they made in beacon, they understand that not all people like to disclose their thoughts to the public, certain privacy are required from them. Facebook has learnt from this mistake and change their privacy settings. But, they also face the challenge of missing certain trust and confidence from the user.After Zuckerberg combining classical and modern theory, facebook will be creating a better competitive advantage to adapt into today rapid change world. Facebook will be more effective and efficient after adapting with all the theory, although Zuckerberg face a certain weight of challenges.

Victim Support and Social Work

Victim Support and brotherly takeVictims of a Serial sea wolfVangerlena SmithViolent law-breakings make pass to certain various(prenominal)s or groups invariablyy day. fewtimes the dupes live the selfsame(prenominal) characteristics, and sometimes in that location is no trace of recidivism pertaining to the victims at on the whole. Some of those characteristics may embroil sex, gender roles, age, ethnicity, economic status, goals, education take aim, realm of residence, stature or proboscis guinea pig, and so ontera There is one occurrence suit where the victims had similar characteristics. The upshot is that of Jeffrey Dahmer, a famous serial use uper who lured, killed, and dismembered all told of his victims body. All of Dahmer victims were male, or soly African American. According to the research I have through with(p) majority of Jeffrey Dahmers victims were hitchhikers, travelers, homo cozys, in some type of desperate need, or in the argonas where Dahm er resided. He never went expose of his bureau to go and find his victims they incisively of sort of came to him. They were all excessively plainly young because he would meet them in clubs, bars, or at parties. The ages of the victims are listed as follow 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, and 36. Dahmer also had victims who had a chance at living. in front he became the serial killer that he is kn birth as today, Dahmer was arrested three-fold times for fondling and molesting younger boys in public plays such as, fairs, carnival, etc.In the following paper the nature(s) of the crime that Dahmer committed will be addressed. How to deal with the victims and their families on a little, mezzo-soprano, and macro instruction take will also be explained. Also, as every kind being, hearty arrive aters have ad hominem set and ethics that sometimes conflict with those of their professional values and ethics. genius of the CrimeThe violent gruesome acts of w hat Dahmer did to his victims could fit many natures of crime. Dahmers starting line victim was a nine teenager year old hitchhiker whom he just picked up. Later the two got drunk and engaged in sexual activities, and the victim simply cherished to leave laterwards. Dahmer did non want him to so he killed him, dismembered his body, and disposed of him. This is where the pattern started. The previous information shows that one of the natures is obviously control. It was state that Dahmer never really had any friends, so he was a loner. He obviously got the victim drunk so he would become alone vulner open to the situation, so that he could take advantage of the victim. The victim decision making to leave was totally out of Dahmers control, so he do it where he was in control he hit the victim oer the head with a dumb bell where he then proceeded to kill him. Its debatable that Dahmers first murder was unplanned, so the sand of control that he felt afterward his first murder, he wanted to continue to feel. This is the starting point of his recidivism.According toSadism, a term introduced by Krafft-Ebing (1898) late in the nineteenth century, originally referred to sexual pleasure derived with inflicting pain and suffering on others. Over time, the term was expanded to include nonsexual enjoy manpowert derived from sadistic acts (Marten Kahn, 2011)Dahmer acts also could be labeled as perversion. For some of the victims they did not willing have sex with the offender. Also, some sexual acts were also done to some of victims corpse after death. Dahmer, in his teen years had struggled with his homosexual desires combined with his years of being a loner, he decided to just take actions and deal with those desires. Lastly, the nature of Dahmers crime could be labeled as revenge. As stated earlier, Dahmer was a loner growing up. Yes, he had sexual desires like any other human being, however no one wanted to engage with him in any type of way because he was seen as an outcast. It could be possible that Dahmers act on his victims could have been one of revenge from earlier stages of his life.Micro, mezzo, and big LevelsAssessing the victims, families, alliance, and nation on the take aim of micro, mezzo, and macro scales is a critical direct in evidenced-base praxis. According to Hull Ashman (2012) Practice with souls is considered as micro expend, implement with families as micro/mezzo practice, practice with group as mezzo practice, and practice with larger systems, including organizations and communities, as macro practice (Ashman Hull, 2010).Dealing With the spot on a Micro LevelOn the smallest level, the micro level, for this strip it is much easier to start with the live victims of molestation and fondling. This level could be use to sound with the individuals to get hold of some at a lower placestanding on how they are get by with what had happened to him and also throw out suggestions. Im sure at this level its easier to find out what each of the young men are probably wondering why did this happen to them, and what did they do to merit it. On this level, its easier for a mixer actor to handle because they get to defecate with the individual one on one. In a mezzo group stage setting the victim may be ashamed to blunt up about what happened to them, and in return never get the right(a) attend to they need for moving on or coping. Some victims who has had things done to them and never told or got properly treated sometimes become the culprit of that same crime later on in life.According to Davis (1991) Dahmers probation officer noted that, When Jeffrey was eight, his father said, a neighborhood boy had sexually molested him. Perhaps this may be the reason why Jeffrey has sexuality issues (Davis, 1991).So Dahmers actions are a product of child molestation, and what could perchance happen if one stays quiet.It is also important to educate with the individual family because family fend when dealing with these types of things is vital. The sociable worker could advocate the family to do things such as, not help the victim stay the victim. They can do this by not treating the victim like somethings al shipway wrong. Of course its a given that they will probably never forget the incident, precisely the reminder of it does not help them cope. For those who lost their lives as victims of Dahmer, families could be assessed individually on a micro level as well. Everyone has a unlike give when it comes to death of a love one, so they cope in different ways. It would be very inaccurate to marginalized them all into one category and help them to all cope in one way. It isnt possible. Also, close friends, neighbors, teachers, classmates, could all be assessed on an individual level depending on the level of meanness to the victim.According to Social deform license Map (2012)Micro practice is the most common kind of favorable work, and is how most pile conjectu re kindly workers providing services. In micro social work, the social worker engages with individuals or families to solve problems. Common examples include helping individuals to find appropriate housing, wellness cathexis and social services. Family therapy and individual counseling would also fall under the auspices of micro practice, as would the medical care of an individual or family, and the treatment of passel suffering from a mental health narrow or substance abuse problem. Micro-practice may even include army social work, where the social worker helps military service members cope with the challenges incidental military life and access the benefits entitled to them by their service. Many social workers engage in micro and mezzo practice simultaneously. Even the most ambitious macro-level interventions have their roots in the conversations between a whizz social worker and a single client (Social Work license Map, 2012).Dealing With the Situation on a Mezzo LevelMez zo is the level of assessment dealing with group settings. Pertaining to the victims of Jeffrey Dahmer this is where a social work could get all the molested victims in one room, and maybe have them take their experience and how it modify them. There is such a thing called self-help groups and in these groups the individuals all have something in common. Within these groups they help one some other cope with the particular problem. They sometimes do this by expressing their feelings. If these victims could come unneurotic and speech about how Dahmer affected them, they may just be able to move on. Also, on this level the victims along with their families could be assessed. Once assessed on a micro level, if the individual could open up about how they were affected to their families, then maybe the family would know how to assist them in helping them cope. Those skills apply in working with individuals provide the foundation for work with larger groups, organizations, and commu nities (Ashman Hull, 2010). one victim may not want the family to baby them because of what happened to them where on the other hand, some other victim may need that extra attention from their parents, siblings, etc. For the deceased victims, their families could also be assessed together. They need to know how one another(prenominal) feel, to emotionally support each other about the loss of their love one. For instance, if a couples child was one of Dahmers victims they may deal with it differently. The conserve may keep it boggled all in and the married woman may cry all the time. Well they need to know how to give-up the ghost with those different feelings to help one another maintain emotional stability. The husband could comfort the married woman during her times where she feels as if she wants to cry. On the other hand, the wife could encourage the husband to talk about his feelings more ofttimes, or at least let him know shes there if he ever feels the need to talk about the loss.According to Social Work License Map(2012)Mezzo social work practice deals with small-to-medium-sized groups, such as neighborhoods, schools or other local organizations. Examples of mezzo social work include company organizing, management of a social work organization or tension on institutional or cultural change rather than individual clients. Social workers engaged in mezzo practice are often also engaged in micro and/or macro social work. This ensures the needs and challenges of individual clients are understood and addressed in tandem bicycle with larger social issues (Social Work License Map, 2012).Dealing With the Situation on a Macro LevelOn the Macro level, a social worker deals with the community which consists of the families, individual victims, close friends, etc. In the community where Dahmer did all his murdering, could rise up a scare amongst some people and be of a shock to others. On this level, a social worker could be effective by going to meet with parents and plan ways that they could make the community a safer place where their children could live, play, etc. Setting up a neighborhood watch team, parents making sure they know where there children are going when they leave home, and making sure that the children be sprightly of strangers are all ways in solving some of the problems in a community of uproar. As for the community of Dahmers victims who didnt survive, a social worker could advocate for more police security in that area, just to watch for things of suspicion. Because not only were those communities hydrophobic of Dahmer, but they were triskaidekaphobic that there were more killer out there like him. This is where the macro level gets encompassinger. What Jeffrey Dahmer did to his victims become known nationally. This created worry all over the joined States. How would social workers address the issue to a community as ample as the whole nation? First, they could brainstorm ideas for the nation to keep thems elves self. For example, they could encourage people not to hitchhike at night. They could also warn that all hitchhikers should not be picked up as well. As stated before, another safety precaution is that parents know where their children are at all times. For those who are of age, encouragement to not leave from clubs, bars, parties, etc. with strangers would be a with child(p) gesture. A killer who has the intent to kill cannot be dissuaded to kill, but those who could possibly fall victim could set up precautions for their safety to prevent the incidents that happened to Dahmers victims from happening to them.According to Social Work License Map (2012)The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by step in in large systems. Examples include lobbying to change a health care law, organizing a state-wide activist group or advocating for large-scale social insurance policy change. Macro practice is one of the key distinctions between social work and other help ing professions, such as psychiatric therapy. Macro social work generally addresses issues experienced in mezzo or micro social work practice, as well as social work research. Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systemic change (Social Work License Map, 2012).All in all, every victim, their family, their friends, etc. could be assessed on either a micro, mezzo, or macro level. Not all people are going to deal with every crisis the same way, so they should not be expected to cope the same way. Some dont mind speaking in group settings where others may want to talk on a more individual basis. In the Dahmers case the level of macro got as broad as the United States, but in some cases the issue on a macro level could become global.Ethical break throughs/Values ConflictAs a social worker I would personally be all for the victim, not effect the evidence behind what Dahmer did. For example, Dahmer had some psychological issues so that calls for the need of treatment. As far as professional value goes, its clear after a psychological evaluation was done that Dahmer needed help however, my own personal values says that he was not right for taking the lives of frank people, therefore he should spend the rest of his life in prison. For the same reason, I would also want him to spend his life in prison because some of those victims were teenagers. Also, not only did he kill all of his victims but he removed the flesh from their bones, he cut some of their contraband Maria out, crushed their bones, had sex with the corpses that is completely inhumane.According to Omeara (2009) Dahmer drilled holes in his living victims heads poured in chemicals to zombify them, had sex with the corpses viscera, and kept some body part in his refrigerator, occasionally eating them (OMeara, 2009).As for the victims, I think it would be unethical, so to speak, of me to say that they could have prevented things from happening to them such as, not going the club with Da hmer, not leaving with a stranger period, not getting drunk and falling into a stupor, etc. However, every social work knows or should know that its never the victims disfigurement about what happened to them (Gough Spencer, 2014). Also, they would not only be some ethical issues and values conflict when it comes to the social worker, but also everyone engaged in Dahmers case. Once the prosecutor present all the evidence without thinking some, not all, or the jury will want in him jail some would even vote death penalty because of their values.Policy IssuesPolicy issues on the Jeffrey Dahmer case would definitely be his sentencing. It is obvious in my research that Jeffrey Dahmer was psychologically ill, and need major help. However, the argument was that Dahmer disposed of the bodies, which means he was afraid of consequences. If he didnt dispose the body he probably could have got sent to get some type of treatment.The Jeffrey Dahmer case is rare out of many. As stated before v iolent crimes happen to certain individuals or groups every day around the world. Murders sometimes just go on a random killing spree, but in Jeffrey Dahmers case all of his victims have common characteristics and trait. All of his victims were male, majority of them being black for some odd reason. They all were also of young ages. Some of those characteristics of Dahmers victims were their sex, gender roles, age, ethnicity, economic status, goals, education level, area of residence, stature or body type, etc. He mostly picked up hitchhikers, drunken people, or people who just needed a couple of bucks and were willing to do anything. Jeffrey Dahmers criminal acts started with the molestation of younger boys. The above content discusses how to help the victims who survived and the loved ones of the victims whose lives were lost cope on a micro, mezzo, and macro level. On the micro level each individual victim is assessed for counseling. The micro level gives the individual more spac e to be open about what happened without being judged in any kind of way, or with being afraid. The micro level is a vital step to the mezzo and macro levels. On the mezzo level the victim could then be assessed in a group setting with people such as, their families, other victims, their friends, and so forth. The macro level is the largest level of all. On this level, communities, neighborhoods, and even the nation are included. It just depends on how broad the crime is and in Dahmers case the murders made national news, terrorisation many parents out there with young male children.References(2012, July 20). Retrieved November 12, 2014, from Social Work License Map http//socialworklicensemap.com/macro-mezzo-and-micro-social-work/Ashman, K., Hull, G. (2010). Understanding Generalist Practice. Stamford Cengage Learning.Davis, D. (1991). The Jeffrey Dahmer Story An American Nightmare. youthful York City St. Martins Paperback Press.Gough, J., Spencer, E. (2014). Ethics in Action An Exploratory visual sense of Social Workers Ethical Decision Making and Value Conflicts. Journal of Social Work Values Ethics, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p23-40. 18p.Marten, W., Kahn, W. (2011). Sadism linked to loneliness psychodynamic dimensions of the sadistic serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer. Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 98 (4), pp. 493-514.OMeara, G. J. (2009). He Speaks Not, Yet He Says Everything What of That? Text, Context, and Pretext in State v. Jeffrey Dahmer.. Denver University Law Review, Vol. 87 Issue 1, p97-137, 41p.