Electoral College Of U.S.A Essay Example for Free

electoral College Of U.S.A EssayThe President and Vice-President of U. S. A are being elected by a body of electors. The scripters of U. S Constitution formulated an indirect method for electing the President and Vice-President. This method is known as the Electoral College which scripter viewed that would end in informed, educated persons being selected to their nations top position. However, each political party in U. S. A charges up their own cadres to act as electors to elect the top leaders. Thus, presidential candidates have to in effect(p) majority votes in the Electoral College for winning the election. In the U. S Presidential election, voters do not vote for President or Vice-President directly but pick up electors who are pledged to support their presidential candidates. Each State in U. S. A has as many electors at is has U. S Senators which will be normally two and U. S Representatives, the number will be depending upon the orders population. For instance, the Dis trict of Colombia is having three electoral votes.Those presidential candidates who have the most best-selling(predicate) votes win all of the states electoral votes. This is recognized as the winner-take-all rule. (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). The electors in each state will assemble in their legislative assemblies and vote for presidential candidate during the election time. Thus, each state testimony its electoral votes and forwards the results to the U. S Congress which counts the ballots. The counting will be carried oer by the Senate and the House of Representatives and it will review the Electoral College votes.The candidate who obtains the majority of 270 Electoral College votes out of total 538 wins despite of the outcome of the popular votes. In case, if in that location is a tie or if no candidate obtains a majority, then the House of Representatives picks up the President and the Senate picks up the Vice President. Due to the concept winner-take-all dictum, it is realizable as it had happened in the year 2000 election (Bush v Al Gore), a candidate who win the popular vote and still lose the Electoral College. geological dating from 1845, the federal law requires that electors must be chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November and the counting of votes will be perused by the Congress on January 6. The Electoral College is vehemently attacked that it has to be reformed as it had given the country about 14 minority presidents. Thus, the following are the Presidents who had won the majority in the Electoral College even though they lacked behind in obtaining popular vote. It is to be observed that among the above mentioned Presidents, only Harrison, Hayes and George W.Bush failed to obtain a battalion of the popular vote. The main aim of the Electoral College system is to give more recognition to the less populace states on the basis of the number of a states electors on its senators and U. S representatives and to prevent the President to focus more attention to most populous states and on the problems significant to their voters. One of the main intentions of Electoral College is to make sure that most qualified candidate and not the most popular candidate would be chosen by electors on behalf of their states but by making an independent judgment.After the Twelfth Amendment, there were copious efforts to amend the Electoral College and to alter the system of presidential election, but none of them has succeeded. George W. Bush popular-vote red and victory in Electoral College with a thin margin in the year 2000 again triggered the support for annulment of Electoral College system as it lacks inhering justice in deciding the victory of the presidential election.

The Odyssey Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey EssayThe passage that Homer exquisitely wrote in The Odyssey was in Book 5, lines 309-323. Homers techniques establish an image that could never be forgotten. In this passage, Odysseus was being dragged down to the sea by Poseidon. The sea god was fantastic that all the other gods were in his favor. Odysseus talked to himself and wondered taboo loud, Rag of man that I am, is this the end of me? (V, 309) Irony was a method Homer utilized to convey the message of helplessness. Odysseus has used trickery and deception during his Journey.The underhand hero went under disguise as a beggar with rags. The great, humble man categorized himself to the lowest position. Its intriguing when Odysseus seems to regret and reflect nigh the past- halcyon those Danaans were who perished should have had a soldiers burial and praise from the Akhaians-not this choking waiting for me at sea, unmarked and lonely. (V, 316-323) Odysseus doesnt seem to be afraid of death. He does not ask for Poseidons forgiveness. The provided thing he regrets the most is being unable to be recognized for his accomplishments.Usually, Odysseus is the victor of his odyssey. Now, he has lost control to the waters. To exemplify the mood, Homer inserted caesuras. The surgical incision Would God l, too, had died there-met my end (V, 317) is heart-wrenching. When I read this sentence, I had to hold my breath for the long pause. Odysseus sounded as if he was reflecting what could have been in a different scenario. other(prenominal) event that was potentially touching was in Book 23, lines 258-264. The passage wasnt sappy. Penelope was filled with suspense after dealing with the foolish suitors in the past.She said, mfou make my unfaltering heart know that I am yours. (XXIII, 258) It wasnt her fault she could not trust Odysseus at first. When she had an epiphany and trusted Odysseus, they melted into each others arms. Their longing for each other had been allay at last. Homer provide d a brief recap of Odysseus adventures preceding his arrival in Ithaka- a swimmer spent in rough water where his air went down under Poseidons blows, gale winds and tons of sea. (XXIII, 263-266) Although this passage was relieving, the passage where Odysseus was in a errifying situation had more zest.This piece had Odysseus at his weakest. He was on his own, worried about not being found. While Odysseus contemplated, there were no gods present to assist him yet he would have to use his clever abilities to think of a charge to stick up. Although its common to find instances where Odysseus is the supreme leader and in control, its rare to see Odysseus break down. Odysseus broke away from his impassive armor in both passages. However, when Odysseus is alone, the commentator truly understands Odysseus true self.Odysseus reflection (V, 309-323) included a major theme of The Odyssey- loneliness. Each character had a need for others and a home. Penelope cried over her miss husband, Telemakhos has only heard of the great legends of his father, and Odysseus mother died because of her son. Mortals are not the only group that can feel forsaken or alone. Gods/immortals can feel that way, too. Calypso, the sea nymph, was furious at the gods for taking away Odysseus from her. She claimed it not to be fair- Oh you vile gods, in Jealous sepernalYou nate It wnen we cnoose to Ile wltn men ( 24-125) It seems as IT Odysseus is the missing piece to everyones problems. The theme of loneliness extracts another major matter-endurance. Odysseus proved himself to be a brave warrior of surviving his loneliness. Penelope endured the suitors aggravating stay. Telemakhos had not faced any major hardships, but he did survive without a father. Odysseus has iron determination. Odysseus perseverance that came after a near- death experience of chilling loneliness helped him return to Ithaka and reunite with his loved ones.

Reflective Practice in Social Work

Reflective Practice in Social WorkReflection is central to good social devise practice, but solo if enhanced action result from that reflection (Williams, 2006 xi)The underlying principles for this assignment are to critic tout ensembley evaluate my professional development in a practice stead setting and record reflections for future learning. Within this essay, I will include my reflections on the social work process of estimate, planning, intervention and review, and will critic anyy disassemble what I feel was successful and unsuccessful in each process, with efforts to identify what could be changed to enhance future practice. I will also include my knowledge, skills and value incorporated into my practice with two service enforcers and my assembly work, while explaining my efforts to conjure anti-oppressive practice. Throughout my assignment I will endeavour to portray my learning locomote from the beginning to the end of my musical arrangement and conclude with futur e learning ask, to enhance my practice as a social worker.IntroductionThe practice placement I acquired was a Court childrens Officer (CCO), based at the Belfast Family Proceedings Court. It forms part of the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. My role as a CCO, formerly known as a Child Welfare Officer, was to use my training and stick to ascertain the wishes and feelings of pip-squeakren and their families in private law matters. The role move within family and babe care services and determines that the childs interests remain paramount in coquet proceedings. As a CCO my role was to deal with cases where assistance was infallible to uphold parties focus on the needs of their children, as opposed to continuing the incriminations as to who was trusty for the breakdown of their relationship. As a CCO I was then asked to present the training to law royal court in oral or written report format. The CCO is used if other efforts to get the parties to reach a decision in t he interests of their children have failed. This is to preclude the court process itself contributing to a lengthy breach in bear on before it reaches a decision. As a CCO I was also responsible to act as liaison officer betwixt the court and HSS Trusts, or other agencies (e.g. NSPCC etc) in respect of the courts decisions. Although employed by the Trust, I was responsible to the court. in the first place commencement of this placement I had especial(a) arrangement of the court process, and the legislation obscure in private law cases. I was excited near the chance of the convey I would gain having under retreatn law and court modules, and attended court for certain flexible learning days, but I was also anxious rough identifying the social work role within such a specific placement. I feel nervous and uncomfortcapable. Im finding the role intimidating creation surround by legal professionals and legislation (being just a student). Im worried some having to provide oral and written evidence to the court, and perhaps having to disagree with the legal representatives views in court. I feel deskilled and anxious (PPDW 21/01/10). After this initial anxious stage I began researching private law and knowledge, and used my practice teacher and on site supervisor to ask questions.Having completed a practice placement last division I already knew of the benefits of using reflection as a crucial aspect of my practice and learning. Thompson (2005) explains that it is central that practitioners use non solitary(prenominal) holded theories, but use their own knowledge and drive to meet the needs of service users. He claims that reflective practice should help us to acknowledge the of import links between theory and practice and to appreciate the dangers of treating the two elements as if they were separate domains (Thompson, 2005 147).I was anxious to identify the social work process within my placement, as it was not evident on commencement. I was alr eady long-familiar with the process of assessing, planning, intervention and review having had a preceding placement with adults with learning disabilities. Within a court, however, this was very contrary, as a direction of the court contumacious my involvement with service users. Schn (1987) identifies that to a greater extent than a process is needed with service users practitioners need to incorporate experience, skills and intuition for outcomes to be successful. The knowledge and skills that I identified, within my Individual learning plan, were skills in working with children, assertiveness skills, report compose and presenting skills, organisational skills, and group facilitation skills. I also wanted to enhance my value base as my previous placement helped me challenge issues well-nigh learning disabilities and the current placement is a very different setting. I wanted to develop my set around childrens feelings slightly parental separation, and also working in part nership with children to ascertain their wishes and feelings about contact issues.I have outlined below the three cases I intend to use that will help identify my professional development within my placement setting. I will use these to provide an analysis of how my knowledge, skills and values have been developed through the social work process.Family C Polish originChild C (Age 7) currently resides with her father. The parental relationship lasted for seven years. generate (Ms C) moved out of the family home to gain alternative accommodation when the relationship broke down. Ms C and the childs contact have been very sporadic since. fulfil has not taken place since December 2009. Mr C is concerned with Ms Cs new accommodation being unsuitable for the childs safety staying overnight claiming intoxicant misuse and the child coming home scent of smoke. Ms C requires an illustration and is seeking a Contact Order.As directed by the court I carried out an assessment of Ms Cs home , and also used mediation and counselling when meeting with the parties to focus on the childs best interests. The childs wishes and feelings were also ascertained.Family EChild E (14) currently resides with his father (Mr E). Mother (Ms E) is seeking a Residence Order. Father currently resides with the child in a family hostel provided by the Belfast Housing Executive, which Ms E is concerned about. Court direction stipulated me to ascertain the childs wishes and feelings about residence with his father and contact with his mother. In addition to this I used mediation as an intervention to fork out to help the parties reach agreement about the child. I concluded my work with the family using a mortal Centred Review with Child E to determine if the plans implemented earlier in my practice were working, and what he would like to change when his case was payable for review in court.Group WorkMy group work consisted of working with teenage girls at a high school in North Belfast the y were aged 14/15. I worked alongside the Health for Youth through Peer Education (HYPE) team who regularly visit schools to promote sexual health awareness. I co-facilitated this group and worked to educate the group about sexual health and relationships. This was to promote the need for the provision of accurate information to prevent teenage pregnancies and STIs, which have been highlighted as statistically higher in this area of Northern Ireland.Preparation of placementAs indicated above, to prepare for this placement, I began by developing my knowledge base around the court setting and private law, so that I could be accountable to the court and the Trust for my actions. Trevithick (2000162) claims to be accountable denotes professionalism by using knowledge, skills and qualifications, and adhering to values and ethics when circumstances a client. I began to tune in to the placement setting using knowledge, skills and values, with legislation such as The Children (NI) Order 1 995, The Family Law figure out (NI) 2001 and The Human Rights Act 1998.I tuned into the court setting and the rights of the service users who used it. Article 3 of the Children (NI) Order 1995 claims that the court should act in the best interests of the child, and I was arouse in seeing if this occurred or if parental interests were considered higher. I tuned into the effects that divorce and separation have on children, and focused on gaining knowledge on how to minimize the forbid impact this may have on children. The issue of contact in private law proceedings is a complex subject which raises questions of rights, responsibilities and ownership of children (Kroll, 2000 217). I was ab initio interested in researching if children knowing both parents were in their best interests, and why.Having had a placement with adults and learning disabilities last year I had reflected on the medical model versus the social model of disability, this placement was very different in that it would be the a legal context versus the social work role. I set up this initially unvoiced as the legal obligations of the court over-shadowed the social work process. Court directions dictated the aspects of work to be done, which I frame difficult as service user needs were not necessarily established and met.AssessmentMs Cs assessment required me to meet with her, discuss issues regarding contact with her child, and check out her living environment to determine if it was suitable for the child to have contact in. Prior to Ms Cs assessment it was necessary for me to tune in to contact disputes between parents. I recognised that on that point is significant animosity with both parties, but that having contact with both parents is in the childs best interests to promote for attachment, identity and prescribed relationships. To initiate Ms Cs assessment I had received court directions, a referral and met with her legal advisor. I was at this time I was inform that Ms C was Pol ish and required an interpreter. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 both stipulate that an interpreter should be provided for health services to promote anti-discriminative practice and equal opportunities.I was then required to make a referral to the Trust interpreting service, and they informed me that they would make initial contact with Ms C. I found this unnerving, as the interpreter would be making first contact with the service user, and I would have liked the opportunity to explain my role. Having carried out previous assessments, I knew that communication was essential for the assessment and central to the process of gathering information and empowering service users (Watson and West, 2006), therefore to not be able to make initial contact with a service user I found to be restrictive and stressful.On initial contact with Ms C (and the interpreter) communication was difficult to establish. I found that by communicating through an interpreter I was limited in gathering information. I found it difficult to concentrate on Ms C, especially observing body spoken language and tone of voice instead I focused on the interpreter and actively listening to her. Ms C came across as frustrated and disengaged, showing signs of closed body language. I felt empathetic to Ms C because of the court process she was involved in, and the fact that she had to go to court to gain contact with her child. I felt the initial meeting with Ms C was not as successful as I had hoped, I was not able to discuss the issues affecting her, and unable to establish an effective working relationship due to the barrier on an interpreter. I left the meeting feeling deskilled and teasing my practice. On reflection, I should have provided more time to Ms C due to the language obstacle and self-collected more information on her issues. I should have focused on Ms C and not the interpreter, and used the interpreter more effectively to establish a relationship . For future learning I will endeavour to use these reflections.The next part of Ms Cs assessment was her home assessment. I was initially reluctant to carry out a home assessment, as I had no previous experience, and did not know what was classed as an unsafe environment for children. I began tuning in and identified that a home assessment required strong observational skills for child protection concerns. I also discussed the home assessment with my practice teacher and on site supervisor for aspects I should be concerned about within the home. It was indicated that a safe environment for a child did not have to be overly clean, just safe considering where the child sleeps, fire hazards, is there evidence of drug or alcohol use, or smelling of smoke (as Mr C alleges).On entering Ms Cs home, as the interpreter had not arrived yet, I was reluctant to try and converse with Ms C. Ms C spoke limited English, and I did not want to confuse or alarm her by trying to discuss the case issu es. However, I did try to use body language and facial expressions to reach for feelings and try to build a rapport by asking general questions about weather and work etc. I feel this helped our relationship, and helped me empathise about how difficult it must be to not be able to communicate effectively. By the time the interpreter had arrived I felt more at ease with Ms C, and addressed her (as opposed to the interpreter) with non-verbal cues such as nodding and body language. I felt more comfortable talking with Ms C, I felt more able to understand her frustrations at the court process, her ex-partner and his allegations.Prior to the assessment of the home I had gained unimaginative perceptions about Ms Cs home. I thought that the house, as it was in a working class area, would be unclean and neglected. However, the assessment of the home, using observational skills, indicated no child protection concerns, a clean environment for a child, and Mr Cs allegations unfounded. On refl ection of my perceptions I feel I was oppressive to Ms C having been so judgemental, and I felt guilty about my opinions having been class discriminatory.Throughout the assessment with Ms C I found that by using an interpreter Ms C was able to stay informed and in control over her situation (Watson and West, 2006). I feel that by working with Ms C has helped my challenge my future practice with individuals who are non-English speakers. It will help me consider the needs of the service user, before judging them solely on language or their country of origin to provide equal opportunities. I now feel interpreters are required for a balance of power between the worker and service user, and promote anti-discriminatory practice.PlanningAccording to Parker and Bradley (2008 72) Planning as part of the social work process is a method of continually reviewing and assessing the needs of all individual service users. It is based upon the assessment and identifies what needs to be done and what the outcome may be if it is completed.Prior to the beginning of placement I had limited experience of planning, or group work. It was important for me understand the facilitation and communication skills needed for successful group work, and help to develop my rationality of group dynamics, group control, and ally pressure for this age group.The key purpose of planning the group was to enable the young people to develop their knowledge and skills to be able to make informed decisions and choices about individualal relationships and sexual health. I began preparing for the planning stage of the social work process by meeting with the HYPE team and researching their work. I was interested in the sexual health training for young people at school, as my own experience at school showed that the information was often limited, and I was interesting in finding out if it had been challenged.I then began by tuning in to how I wanted to proceed through the planning process, and researching the topics of the different sessions as I considered I had limited knowledge on sexual health awareness. As I had to plan every week separately it was important to tune in to each and use knowledge, such as group work skills to inform my practice.During initial sessions I noted how group members were quiet and withdrawn, this was important to note as the subject of sexual relationships may have been embarrassing for them to discuss. I too felt uncomfortable discussing the material, as I had limited understanding of sexual health, but it was important for the group to overcome these anxieties and work through them together. I identified that ice breaking techniques were required to facilitate trust and partnership.As the sessions progressed, one of the main challenges found was that peer influence was a major issue, with some of the participants controlling other quieter members. I felt it was necessary to include all members and encouraged participation using games. However, it was important not to push individuals when they became uncomfortable, as this could cause them to withdraw and disengage, disempowering them. Another challenge was that despite time management of the sessions, inescapably there had to be flexibility. Some of the group monopolised more time than others and it was necessary to be able to alter the plans according to time restraints.I also needed to be aware of my own values when planning sexual health awareness training, as it is still regarded as a controversial issue, especially in Catholic schools with teenagers (www.famyouth.org.uk). I considered sexual health awareness to be a great benefit in schools, but obviously due to religious considerations many Catholic schools continue simply to teach abstinence as the only form of contraception. This was important to consider as the group was facilitated in a Catholic school and many of the members or their teachers could have had religious views and opinions on the sessions, creating ten sion or animosity. Reflecting on this parental consent had been provided for the group, but the group itself were required to take part during a free period. I consider this to be an ethical dilemma as the childrens views werent regarded as highly as their parents. If undertaking this group in future, I feel it would be necessary to ask the group if they wish to take part, and give the opportunity to withdraw promoting anti-oppressive practice.InterventionPrior to this practice placement I had limited experience using intervention methods. My previous placement focused on task centred work with service users, but in the court childrens service this could not be facilitated due to the time restrictions of the court. I had also previously used Rogerian person centred counselling which I found I could use some of the theory and apply it to this setting.After gathering a range of information from the court referral, C1 and other professionals, I began to tune in to Es case. I had been directed by the court to ascertain his wishes and feelings in regards to residence and contact arrangements, and mediate between his parents to find agreement about the childs residence. As Child E is fourteen, I felt it was necessary to research levels of development for this age group and understand, according to psychologists, what level Child E would be at emotionally, physically and psychologically. I found that Child E should be at a level of becoming more independent, having his own values, and being able to make informed choices. matchless of the most important issues, through mediation, was challenging my own values and becoming aware of my own stereotypical views on adults who have separated, and the effects on their children. I had to challenge the idea that Child E just wanted to reside with his father as he was the less disciplined parent, or that Child E would most likely be playing his parents off against each other to get his own way. However, by challenging these vi ews, and working with the parties through mediation, I came to produce that E had strong views about living with his father and had a stronger attachment to him. By reflecting on my values I realised that it was oppressive to consider the child as manipulating and could have affected my work with him.I found that having to be a neutral tertiary party in mediation was difficult, I found myself having a role as a witness, a referee and a peacekeeper trying to find common ground. Despite this I feel a third side was necessary to help the parties work through issues. I found the most difficult aspect of this role to be impartiality as I found myself empathizing more with the mother (as the child refused to live with her). However, I also understood the childs reasons behind his decision.During mediation, and in court, I also challenged my judgements on gender and the purpose that the mother is the nurturer or primary care giver in the home (Posada and Jacobs, 2001). The child clearly stated that he wanted to reside with his father, and when using questioning skills to probe about this, he claimed he had a stronger bond with his father, and that his mother was continually ridiculing him. I found myself having to alter my views about attachment and mother being the primary care giver and focus on what the child wants.As the intervention progressed I used family mediation session to work through issues. I found that effective communication was principal in ascertaining Child Es wishes and feelings, and helping the parties consider his views, as opposed to their own relationship incriminations. This not only empowered E by promoting partnership, but also gave him the knowledge that the court would be considering the information he provided. Within the meeting I felt I could have paced the meeting better and made better use of silences with E, as I dominated the conversation.I consider mediation to be successful as it helped the parties focus on the needs of the chi ld, and helped them realise that they had a childs feelings to consider instead of the adversarial relationship built from court.ReviewPrior to the review process I had experience of carrying out person centred reviews (PCR) through my previous practice placement. I had previous training on PCRs and found them to be more effective than traditional reviews, due to the service user involvement. A PCR is an example of a person centred approach and the information from a review can be the foundation of a person centred plan (Bailey et al., 2009).Within the family proceedings court the purpose of reviews are to reassess meanwhile plans, and either change them, or confirm they are working for the child(ren). In Child Es case a review was necessary to indicate if living with his father was working, and to discuss if he wanted to change anything about his interim plans, which were introduced three months earlier. Within the court childrens team a review is fundamental to consider what is i n the childs best interests, assess what is working and what is not working, and how to progress (considering the childs wishes and feelings).Child centred preparatory work with Child E was fundamental to the review success as it established what was important to him (Smull and Sanderson, 2005). Reflecting on my person centred work last year I recognised that it was important to have preparatory work with Child E as it promoted choice and options to explore. I had also recognised that the information self-collected from the preparatory work could be the foundations of the review itself, especially if Child E felt embarrassed or shy speaking out in summit of his family on the day of the review (Smull and Sanderson, 2005)I conducted the review with Child E and his parents present, but reflecting on this it could also have been useful including his school teacher or other friends to have a holistic approach. Throughout the review I feel I was able to engage the participants successfu lly using goals to focus on, and we were able to create a person centred plan for Child E. During the preparation for the review Child E had expressed that he felt he was having too a lot contact with his mother, and would like to limit this, he also expressed that this was an awkward subject to discuss with his mother present. I identified this in the review as child E did not wish to. I used skills such as facilitation and communication to show that Child E felt strongly about this issue, and both parents claimed they understood his view point. The review was also useful in presenting the information in court, as the child could not be present and I could advocate on his behalf.On reflection of Child Es review I feel it was a successful measure to determine what was working and not working since plans were implemented from the last court date. I had confidence in facilitating the review, but I did feel I perhaps dominated the conversation as both parents were hostile towards each other, and Child E was shy and unassertive about expressing his feelings. During future reviews I will endeavour to promote communication between parties, while empowering of the child. I will use better use of silences and encourage active involvement.ConclusionNo matter how skilled, experienced or effective we are, there are, of course, always lessons to be learned, improvements to be made and benefits to be gained from reflecting on our practice (Thompson, 2005 146)I feel this PLO has provided me with learning opportunities and identified my learning needs. It has encouraged me to reflect on my knowledge, skills and values and ensured that I used my reflections to learn from my practice.At the beginning of placement I was concerned I would oppress the service users by having limited understanding of the court process, and unable to work effectively as a result. However, through training, help from my practice teacher and knowledge, I soon realised that the placement was about pr oviding support, not being an expert. I feel I was able to establish a balance of the legal requirements of court and social work role, which has contributed to my learning experience and future knowledge.As my placement progressed I used tuning in and evaluations to analyse my practice, and use them to learn from. My placement has enabled me to improve my court report writing skills, presentations skills and legislation knowledge, which I consider to be invaluable for the future.In terms of future professional development, I will endeavour to challenge my stereotypical assumptions about service users, I will seek advice and guidance from more experienced members of staff, and I will use knowledge and theory to inform my practice foregoing to meeting service users.Future learning requires me to continue to develop skills in working with children, to use silence as a skill, as listen actively to what the service user wants. Having an opportunity to work within the court system has b een invaluable, but I would also like the opportunity to have more experience working with children to enhance my knowledge, skills and values further.

Can We Trust Our Senses? Essay

Can We Trust Our Senses? EssayThe absolute truth is a journey that leads to never-before experienced realms. The end of this road could never be reached and even the crush man will only go a few steps in the right direction. To determine what the truth is and what it is not, a reliability is placed upon what we commit from our senses. This is the standard approach that we as humans take merely, it is not necessarily the correct one. Many problems came up when establishing the truth based on our senses and thus they arouse r arly be fully trusted, this is what we depose say when taking bad decisions. Sense is scientifically defined as any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the personate are received and felt, as the faculties of ensureing, sight, smell, touch, taste, and equilibrium.1Senses are important in our lives. We are born with them and we would not be able to live without them, scarcely we have a problem with them we can not identify whether they are true or not. Whether they communicate us the truth. We are able to see, hear, touch, smell but we are not aware how much these senses matter to us, we are not able to use them properly. Our senses work best in trying to prove if something stimulate our knowledge of reality, not if what we know is absolutely true, but rather if a new truth stimulates known truths, and the old ways remain the same way. put through that has been done with our senses previously lets us know that something is not working quietly good. Our actual senses convey the physical world to the extent they can do it without world tricked they are mechanisms, they do not show and interpret, they give us complete information. Our sensory areas in the brain immediately start to simplify this information bowl we can attach meaning to it. From that point on the information is interpreted as truth( not counting the wavelength, certain pitches, because this would make a minor dissimilitude to our understandin g of truth).There has always been a problem in distinguishing between something that is true andsomething that is not true, because how exactly do we know if its true or if its not. In thisessay truth is going to be defined as conformity with fact or reality verity.2Truth can bedefined by senses, however it is very hard to say that form the definition. For example letshave two brothers Andy and Harry. Andy and Harry have the same perfumes and wear thesame clothes. Harrys friend ideal he precept and smelled Harry passing by but actually it wasAndy. We can now say that our senses are not right, because as the friend smelled Harrysperfumes and saw the clothes of Harry his senses were wrong it was Andy which passed by.This example is showing that senses can tell us truth, only on certain grounds. So there are five definite senses sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. Going back to the essential question, When should we trust our senses to give us truth? In other words, in what asp ects of our life can we trust ourselves to understand the true reality of what we believe is happening? Must we really rely on our sense perception for everything? The functioning of all the senses may give us true, but isnt true based on our perceptionA good example of the above statement is the belief in God we believe in him but actually we dont see him. So do we really trust our senses if we believe in God. We can not see him we can not hear him we can not touch him and we believe in him, also here is the truth in that. So do we really relay on our senses and do they really tell us the truth? Now what causes that is that the faith and for us that becomes the ultimate truth. Another example would be when you have a cold or you are sick can you motionlessness trust your senses? If you have a blocked nose then you can not smell anything, so should you still trust your sense of smell? Or should you just ignore that and trust the other senses. A well known philosopher A.J. Ayer. A.J . Ayer (1910-1989) was only 24 when he wrote the parole that made his philosophical name, Language, Truth, and Logic (hereafter LTL), that was published in 1936. This book defines, explains, and argues for the logical positivsm, sometimes referred to as the criterion of significance or criterion of meaning3. It explains how problems exponent be solved by the principle of verifiablity. In these views Ayer saw himself as continuing in the line of British empiricism established by Locke and Hume, whose phonation was Russell. Throughout A.J Ayer subsequent career he remained with his traditions rejection of the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge. He saw philosophy method to be the analysis of the meaning of lynchpin terms, such as causality, truth, knowledge, freedom.4. He has investigated the concept confirm true belief. Ayer has argued that existence is not a predicate( what is a predicate? In the sentence. Alex is slow is slow is the predicate) A persons sense of percep tion isnt exactly true that the object exists. Using the above example is Alex exists or not this does not change the fact that the perceive of Alex is slow. essentially what he was trying to say that for something that has to be known, it has to be believed, justified( senses for example) and true. The difficulty is proving if something is true or not for example in science we dont prove something we just put up it. There is also the question how to test for accuracy which also can make our true different, so for example if we have a really veracious results for testing truth this can lead us to finding out what is truth actually. There is another theory of knowledge known as justified racialism this thory is about that where in order for a knowledge claim to be knowledge it has to be believed, true and justified according to a rock-steady cognitive process there is a lot of debate over what constitutes a reliable cognitive process and in particular about whether the senses are trustworthy enough to be this process5.Summarising your senses are the inner being of our souls and that is what needs to be used fist. Trust can be broken our senses tell us when something is wrong and if we chose to ignore our senses and trust what someone is telling us we can end up being hurt and if we go on emotions boy, children bulge hurt many times when they feel that bad and trust that a bad person with a sob story will tell them. This is when they do not trust their senses for example if their feed is hurting and their friend tells them to play they ignore their senses and just continue playing then they sib at home, referable to the fact that the hand is hurting and they cant play football game any more, because their hand is broken. So we do need to trust our senses. But our senses as I said before never give us true they give as data which we can use or ignore as the shaver in the story above. Truth is not something we sense, it is something we recognize. The data that our senses give us is pretty accurate, we just have to know how to use it correctly.On the other hand our interpretation of that data is many times in error. Emotion is the bodys reaction to thought, I will again use the example of the boy playing football he didnt trust his senses he kept playing football and after when he came back home he couldnt lay any more football, his body reacted to his emotion, the hand was hurting. We can trust the information that emotion imparts only as far as we have been able to become aware of how it operates in our lives. altogether emotion is giving us information about ourselves and the best way of accepting that is to know our way of living. If we know our reaction to emotions we know ourselves.Concluding we can not identify if we should trust our senses or not, sometimes we should trust our senses and sometimes there are situations that we should not trust our senses.

The marketing communications campaign of marks and spencer

The marketing conversations guide of marks and spencerThe marketing communications press of Marks and Spencer Introduction The current revolution in nurture technology and rapid globalisation have made the marketers face many marketing communications options (Newman Patel ,2003).Integrated marketing communications campaign is oneness of options, Which behind be used to create added value for potential consumers and influence directly purchasing patter. The IMC, which is defined, correspond to Duncan (2002), as A cross -functional process for creating and nourishing profitable family with customers and other stakeholders by strategically controlling or influencing all the messages sent to these groups and encouraging data driven, purposeful dialogue with them The IMC is important issue because the companies can not afford either the financial or reputation damage which is caused by the poor planning or implementing of the IMC (Brassington pettitt,2006).On the other hand, t he planning and implementing the IMC campaign is a confused process and involves a wide range of management tasks (Caemmerer, 2009). As a result, this paper aims to show the move which should be followed in the planning and implementing the IMC and to apply these steps on Marks and Spencer as a case study from real life. Finally, some recommendations will be given to improve the performance of MS. Literature canvas Identifying the target audiences The planning the IMC, according to Kotler Keller .should start with clear determining of target audience ,who is a group of people is aimed by marketing communications campaign , because it is vital step. Then, answers should be provided on the following questions What ar the choice criteria, which are used to evaluate the products? What are motivated them to buy the products? What make them response to the competitors, products? (Jobbe, 2007). occurrence analysis Competitor analysis To analysis the competitors, according to A aker and McLoughlin (2007), a group of questions should be answered Against whom do we usually compete? What are their objectives and strategies in terms of speck? What is their image and positioning strategy in terms of brand? What have been the marketing communications of the competitors in the past? What impact have they had? What are their succeeding(a) plans? Market analysis Defining the marketing communication objectives Mean what the marketing communications are supposed to achieve, according to Blythe (2000), there are many objectives regard building campaigns Those are intended to communicate a specific status for the product, as well as to emphasis ways that it could complete the lifestyle of the client. rum selling proposition (USP) that is the one attribute of the product which it differentiates the product from the competition.Positioning the strategies which focus on the ways that consumers distinguish the products comparing with their perceptions of the comp etitors products.Direct response flashgun response is wanted from the consumer in respect of purchase, a request for broacher, or a going to the store. Managing the elements of the mix Deciding what is the media which will be used to beget the message of the IMC campaign. There are five elements of promotional mix Advertising any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prime media .It takes key in many forms such as, television, press, posters, cinema and radio (Pickton Broderick, 2005).Public relations are the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to creating and maintaining mutual understanding between an cheek and its publics Direct marketing is the message, which can be prepared to appeal to the addressed customer. It takes place in my forms such as direct mail, telemarketing, internet marketing (Kotler Keller, 2006).gross revenue promotion the activities which aim to temporary increase in sales. They take place by many forms such as buy one g et one free, free sample and money off coupons.Personal selling this is designed to meet the consumers needs by communicating face to face between the vendee and seller (McGolrick, 2002). Setting the promotional cipher Putting the promotional budgeting is one of the approximately important and difficult steps in Planning the IMC campaign because, according to West, Ford Ibrahim (2006) ,If the companies have spent too much on the promotion program this could reflect negatively on the profits whereas, if they have paid knocked out(p) too little marketing opportunities would be get lost. There are, according to Jobber and Fahy (2006), four methods, which are usually used to set the promotional budget percentage of sales, matching competitors expenditures, objective and task and what can be afforded? Evaluating the IMC campaign It is important step, according to Palmer (2004), because it can provide feedback to inform the future activities and make the managers to a spectacularer extent adjustment when they plan the promotional activities if the objectives are not being achieved. Apply on the MS Marks and Spencer has been the Britain most-respected and leading retailer for long time. Besides, it is one of the most recognizable brands in the UK and operates about 6stores in the UK Identify target audiences MS has focused on mannerable males and females from different ages who have enough money to pass along on the trendy dress and want to enhance their social image between their peer. Analysis the situation Analysis the competitors The main competitors of MS, GAP, HM, and Top shop, which are tremendous by fashionable robes and they has focused on the trendy of fashion .As a result, they are called fashion retailers not clothes retailers In terms of Gap, which operates 4,171stores world-wide and the target market is 15-35 age groups. Gap promotes nationally towards young fashion consumers. Promotional campaigns do differ, however. Gap has entered a bove the line into a programme of intensifier primetime television advert. (Newman Patel, 2003) Concerning HM Analysis the market Fashion market, which is considered as one of the most profitable, driving and competitive area in the UK (Newman Patel, 2003) .The fashion market is considered dynamic because consumer behavior in this market is distinguished by a sudden desire to buy and fluctuating customer tastes. Therefore, new opportunities are available in front of the companies and advertising agencies in this market to create added value for their potential consumers and influence directly their purchasing pattern by integrated marketing communication (Newman Patel, 2003). The fashion market is competitive market because, according to Moore (1995), growing the market shares of foreign fashion retailers in the UK, such as Gap and Benetton and reforming some fashion retailers like, Next. Defining the marketing communication objectives MS has had two objectives in its mark eting communications campaign. It has tried to show that its products have been characterized and differentiated from the competitors products by its high quality, stylish, great value (USP) and to enhance the perceptions of consumers in terms of quality and fashion( MSs annual report, 2008). Managing the marketing communications mix At the end every season from each year, MS carries out marketing communications campaign. On 8 November 2007, MS launched marketing communications campaign and used the advertising (TV, cinema and the internet) as essential promotional tool in addition public relation (the website) and sales promotion (bonus). The ad, which is called Christmas Belles, was created by the advertising agency, Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe Y R, and was executed by a group of models. The models are Erin OConnor, Elizabeth Jagger, Twiggy, Myleene Klass and Laura Bailey who are well known names representing different age groups and each gorgeous model is wearing different clothes from MS range including intimate apparel and accessories . In addition to Hollywood actor Antonio Banderas who was chosen to attract the attention of menswear next to womenswear (Visit4inf, 2007). The song of the ad is called it is the most wonderful, which is singed by the artist Andy Williams The message, which has been conveyed by the campaign of MS, is Quality worth every penny. Besides MS has tried to tell its target audiences that it has built its reputation in respect of quality since 1940 by establishing strict criteria which it continues to follow today. In other words, it has enhanced historical attributes of quality. The ad was screened on the TV, which could provide higher levels of awareness and reach to a large effect of target audiences. Besides, it also was launched in the cinema because the commercial shown in the cinema made a stronger impression on the consumer .It was possible because it allowed for a longer advertisement that was also within cinemat ic technology in an artistically advanced package. At the same time the ad was launched on the internet to support the TV and cinema launch. Moreover, the viewers were sending the advertisement to each other by Email .Consequently, the commercial internet was effective in two ways diffusion the message between the consumers and cost. Hence, a lot of viewers had seen the ad on YouTube during a few weeks. The new Website was Launched and it was connected to the campaign message .It was used as a complementary tool of TV and cinema .It was flexible and a reasonably cheap technique of getting an extensive target audiences and the company can get feedback from consumer by it (MSs annual report, Caemmerer 2008, 2009). The last promotional tool, which was used by MSs campaign, is bonus which is considered as a type of sales promotion and it was used to elevate the target ardencies of MS to spend more. Setting the promotional budget At the end of 2007 the marketing expenditure was 145 m more than half of expenses spent on the advertising (Birtwistle, 2007). Evaluating the IMC campaign There are many evidences of success the marketing communications campaign of MS .First of all, The market share of MS in terms of clothes increased from 9,8% 2007 to 11, 2% in 2008 approximately 1,4%9 = 4,095m (see figure 2).

How does Miler create a sense of tension and conflict between John and

How does Miler create a sense of tension and conflict mingled with rump andElizabeth Proctor at the starting of Act Two?In Act Two, whoremaster and Elizabeth Proctor are conversing and there aresigns to indicate that there are tensions occurring in their marriage.Although the main study of the The Crucible is Witchcraft, this Actconcentrates mainly on the relationship of John and Elizabeth. Milleruses a variety of dramatic devices, like stage directions to promotethis point. Prior to this interpret the girls have named the witches andJohn has returned from Salem. Con postring that this is where Abigail(whom John had an affair with) resides, it does not improve his dyingmarriage and relations with his wife.Miller begins by setting the tone for the scene and describes the drift room of Proctors house. The room is described as low, darkand rather long this immediately gives the impression of athreatening and hostile place. conjugate with the empty room, this couldsignify loneline ss and symbolize the emptiness and lack of affectionwithin the marriage. The word halts is used to depict an image of ashocked John as he hears his wife singing, upon his entrance to thehouse. Miller could have decided to include this piece of informationin order to show the audience how Elizabeth is seldom in a good frameof mind perhaps due to her failing marriage. John then proceeds toadd further seasoning to the sustenance that Elizabeth has already prepared.This action is one of many devices used demonstrating the lack ofsatisfaction and need for more within the marriage.When Elizabeth does eventually enter to meet John, Miller is promptly toshow through her first line of speech What keeps you so late? Itsalmost dar... ... be more romantic and Miller shows an opposing side to hischaracter, the pause indicates their discomfort and when Elizabethsback is turned to him this is nonetheless another effective way of makingthe audience notice the increasing distance between them, bothphysically and emotionally.Finally John then gives up and decides to try and address the problemthat is bothering his wife. Millers stage directions she doesntwant friction, and yet she must portrays an image of a woman caughtin two minds. Elizabeth wants to remain a good, obedient wife howevershe cannot resist challenging John astir(predicate) his whereabouts which led tohis late arrival. The place of Salem is mentioned and this could beMillers way of Elizabeth inadvertently or perhaps indirectly showingher distrust towards John.When John learns of Marry Warrens presence in Salem his anger.

Communication Goal Statement :: essays research papers

Part II am currently working at the as a social worker assistant. Prior to working at the nursing home I was employed at a restaurant as a general manager. I have found that my current frolic to be very rewarding. The reason I am majoring in social work is because I have a strong desire to help people, bewilder things better, and make a difference in peoples lives. My goal is to become a licensed social worker and work in the gerontology field.The communication skills I currently use in the field of social work argon as follows1.Listening skills, such as listening to the knob and understanding knob needs and wants more carefully and responsively. Ac spotledging the feelings they are expressing. Compassionately allowing them to express their feelings. Listening and reflecting back on what I hear allows me to identify knobs thoughts. Listening in the field of social work is crucial in understanding clients situation. Listening responsibly lets the client know you care about them. 2.Explaining conversational intent and invite client consent. In order to help client cooperate and reduce any misunderstandings, invite client to join in the kind of conversation you want to have. Whether it may be long, complex, or short, explain intention and invite the consent o the client. This step has advance me to expand possible conversations and practice in a variety of conversations. It also allows client to trust and understand where conversation is heading.3.Interviewing skills, which are used daily in the field of social work. Questioning clients is a very important part in assessing the client. Learning how to use open-ended as surface as close-ended questions at the appropriate times is crucial when assessing the client. Asking questions is a powerful tool in focusing conversational attention and guiding interaction with others. There are many creative possibilities in using interviewing skills.4.Expressing appreciation is important in building relationships with t he people around me in the nursing home as well as the social work field. Expressing delight, affirmation, encouragement, and gratitude is an important part in appreciation technique. The nursing home continually requires social workers to attend to problems and it gets very easy to light upon what may need to be fixed. By giving appreciation makes the relationship with the client strong and easier to when working with client problems or disagreements. It also gives the client a sense of self- worth and a higher self-esteem.